Antimicrobial Efficacy of Un-Ionized Ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) against Salmonella Typhimurium in Buffered Solutions with Variable pH, NH<sub>3</sub>Concentrations, and Urease-Producing Bacteria

Gutierrez, Alan; Havelaar, Arie H.; Schneider, Keith R.

doi:10.1128/spectrum.01850-21

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Under acidic conditions (pH 3), the oxy-ionic solution showed robust antimicrobial activity with an MIC of 25% and an MBC of 50%, indicating that the active components within the solution can exert both inhibitory and bactericidal effects even in a strongly acidic environment. However, as the pH increased toward more neutral values (pH 5 and 7), a decline in antimicrobial potency was observed, with the MIC and MBC values increasing, peaking at 100% at pH 7 [20].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of Oxy-Ionic Solutions With Varying pH Levels Against Streptococcus mutans In Vitro

Ming,

Hassan,

Mohamad

et al. 2024

Cureus

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BackgroundChlorhexidine (CHX) is a widely used antimicrobial agent known for its ability to inhibit cariogenic bacteria, reduce plaque formation, neutralize acidity, and promote remineralization. However, the effectiveness of oxy-ionic solutions at different pH levels as an alternative antimicrobial treatment requires further exploration. This study aims to compare the antimicrobial effects of oxy-ionic solutions at various pH levels with those of CHX and fluoride. MethodologyThis study employed disc diffusion tests to measure the inhibition zone diameters of each solution and broth dilution assays to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). ResultsThe oxy-ionic solutions exhibited varying degrees of antimicrobial effectiveness depending on their pH levels. The solution at pH 5 demonstrated the best antimicrobial performance among the oxy-ionic solutions, with inhibition zones comparable to those of CHX. The MIC and MBC values indicated that oxyionic solutions in mildly acidic environments generally resulted in better antimicrobial activity. ConclusionsThe study concludes that while CHX remains highly effective against cariogenic bacteria, oxy-ionic solutions, particularly at pH 5, offer a promising alternative. The antimicrobial efficacy of oxy-ionic solutions is influenced by their pH levels. Further research is recommended to explore the long-term effects and clinical applications of oxy-ionic solutions in maintaining oral health and preventing disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of Oxy-Ionic Solutions With Varying pH Levels Against Streptococcus mutans In Vitro

Ming,

Hassan,

Mohamad

et al. 2024

Cureus

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“…The number of free protons present in a bacterial cell depends on the pH: At an alkaline pH above 9, the number of free protons is reduced to less than one per bacterium (calculated for Escherichia coli ), a fact that hinders the protonation of specific sites in enzymes required for their activity ( Saito and Kobayashi, 2003 ). Consequently, cellular stress including disturbances of pH-sensitive enzymatic reactions, energy metabolism and secondary protein structures were expected to feature in the transcriptomic responses of S. aureus cells exposed to ammonia at an alkaline pH ( Gutierrez et al, 2022 ). Moreover, the data suggests that the electron pair of the NH 3 molecule might interfere with hybrid bonds of peptides and/or proteins under these conditions, since addition of more protein (i.e., presence of porcine serum) reduces the effects associated with exposure to ammonia alone, arguing against a pH dependent effect alone.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How to survive pig farming: Mechanism of SCCmec element deletion and metabolic stress adaptation in livestock-associated MRSA

et al. 2022

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Previous research on methicillin susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) belonging to livestock-associated (LA-) sequence type (ST) 398, isolated from pigs and their local surroundings, indicated that differences between these MSSA and their methicillin resistant predecessors (MRSA) are often limited to the absence of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) and few single nucleotide polymorphisms. So far, our understanding on how LA-MRSA endure the environmental conditions associated with pig-farming as well as the putative impact of this particular environment on the mobilisation of SCCmec elements is limited. Thus, we performed in-depth genomic and transcriptomic analyses using the LA-MRSA ST398 strain IMT38951 and its methicillin susceptible descendant. We identified a mosaic-structured SCCmec region including a putative replicative SCCmecVc which is absent from the MSSA chromosome through homologous recombination. Based on our data, such events occur between short repetitive sequences identified within and adjacent to two distinct alleles of the large cassette recombinase genes C (ccrC). We further evaluated the global transcriptomic response of MRSA ST398 to particular pig-farm associated conditions, i.e., contact with host proteins (porcine serum) and a high ammonia concentration. Differential expression of global regulators involved in stress response control were identified, i.e., ammonia-induced alternative sigma factor B-depending activation of genes for the alkaline shock protein 23, the heat shock response and the accessory gene regulator (agr)-controlled transcription of virulence factors. Exposure to serum transiently induced the transcription of distinct virulence factor encoding genes. Transcription of genes reported for mediating the loss of methicillin resistance, especially ccrC, was not significantly different compared to the unchallenged controls. We concluded that, from an evolutionary perspective, bacteria may save energy by incidentally dismissing a fully replicative SCCmec element in contrast to the induction of ccr genes on a population scale. Since the genomic SCCmec integration site is a hot-spot of recombination, occasional losses of elements of 16 kb size may restore capacities for the uptake of foreign genetic material. Subsequent spread of resistance, on the other hand, might depend on the autonomous replication machinery of the deleted SCCmec elements that probably enhance chances for reintegration of SCCmec into susceptible genomes by mere multiplication.

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Antimicrobial Efficacy of Un-Ionized Ammonia (NH₃) against Salmonella Typhimurium in Buffered Solutions with Variable pH, NH₃Concentrations, and Urease-Producing Bacteria

Abstract: Poultry litter is a widely used biological soil amendment in the production of fresh produce. However, poultry litter may contain human pathogens, such as Salmonella , which introduces the risk of preharvest produce contamination in agricultural fields.

Cited by 2 publications

References 63 publications

Efficacy of Oxy-Ionic Solutions With Varying pH Levels Against Streptococcus mutans In Vitro

Efficacy of Oxy-Ionic Solutions With Varying pH Levels Against Streptococcus mutans In Vitro

How to survive pig farming: Mechanism of SCCmec element deletion and metabolic stress adaptation in livestock-associated MRSA

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Antimicrobial Efficacy of Un-Ionized Ammonia (NH3) against Salmonella Typhimurium in Buffered Solutions with Variable pH, NH3Concentrations, and Urease-Producing Bacteria

Abstract: Poultry litter is a widely used biological soil amendment in the production of fresh produce. However, poultry litter may contain human pathogens, such as Salmonella , which introduces the risk of preharvest produce contamination in agricultural fields.

Cited by 2 publications

References 63 publications

Efficacy of Oxy-Ionic Solutions With Varying pH Levels Against Streptococcus mutans In Vitro

Efficacy of Oxy-Ionic Solutions With Varying pH Levels Against Streptococcus mutans In Vitro

How to survive pig farming: Mechanism of SCCmec element deletion and metabolic stress adaptation in livestock-associated MRSA

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Antimicrobial Efficacy of Un-Ionized Ammonia (NH₃) against Salmonella Typhimurium in Buffered Solutions with Variable pH, NH₃Concentrations, and Urease-Producing Bacteria