Antimicrobial Properties and Cytotoxicity of Sulfated (1,3)-��-D-Glucan from the Mycelium of the Mushroom Ganoderma lucidum

Abstract

Ganoderma lucidum BCCM 31549 has a long established role for its therapeutic activities. In this context, much interest has focused on the possible functions of the (1,3)-β-D-glucan (G) produced by these cultures in a stirred-tank bioreactor and extracted from their underutilized mycelium. In the existing study, we report on the systematic production of G, and its sulfated derivative (GS). The aim of this study was to investigate G and its GS from G. lucidum in terms of their antibacterial properties and cytotoxicity spectrum against human prostate cells (PN2TA) and human caucasian histiocytic lymphoma cells (U937). (1)H NMR for both G and GS compounds showed β-glycosidic linkages and structural similarities when compared with two standards (laminarin and fucoidan). The existence of characteristic absorptions at 1,170 and 867 cm(-1) in the FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) for GS demonstrated the successful sulfation of G. Only GS exhibited antimicrobial activity against a varied range of test bacteria of relevance to foodstuffs and human health. Moreover, both G and GS did not show any cytotoxic effects on PN2TA cells, thus helping demonstrate the safety of these polymers. Moreover, GS showed 40% antiproliferation against cancerous U937 cells at the low concentration (60 μg/ ml) applied in this study compared with G (10%). Together, this demonstrates that sulfation clearly improved the solubility and therapeutic activities of G. The water-soluble GS demonstrates the potential multifunctional effects of these materials in foodstuffs.

Improvement in β-glucan extraction from Ganoderma lucidum with high-pressure steaming and enzymatic pre-treatment

“…2 Effect of the Ganoderma lucidum extracts obtained by high-pressure steaming and enzymatic pretreatment on the viability (A) and the migration (B) of B16F10 cells. CON, control; RES, resveratrol (10 lg/mL); NPT, non-pre-treatment; SET, steaming and enzymatic pretreatment; *, **, ***, ****significant difference from the control at t \ 0.1, t \ 0.05, t \ 0.01, t \ 0.001, respectively extract was harmless to the cells, consistent with previous research using human prostate cell [41]. The cell migration on the slit of the confluent wells was photographed after 0, 6, and 12 h in each condition.…”

Sulfonation of (1→6)-β-D-Glucan (Lasiodiplodan) and Its Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Potential

“…These authors evaluated the sulfonation of polysaccharides extracted from Cyclocarya paliurusi and found a 63.14% OH radical removal capacity in the sulfonated polysaccharide with DS of 0.25. Scientific reports have indicated that polysaccharides following chemical derivatization by sulfonylation present an increase in antimicrobial capacity [11,23]. This effect was also observed in the present study with sulfonated lasiodiplodan with DS of 0.24 (Table 1), which presented antimicrobial potential against Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and S. enterica Typhimurium) and the yeasts (C. albicans and C. tropicalis).…”

“…Similarly, Zhang et al [34] evaluated the antimicrobial potential of a sulfonated polysaccharide with DS close to 0.24, and also found inhibitory activity against the Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and S. enterica Typhimurium), suggesting that sulfonation is an effective method to improve the bioactivity of polysaccharides. Similarly, Wan-Mohtar et al [11] observed antimicrobial activity of sulfonated polysaccharides against strains of E. coli and S. enterica Typhimurium evaluating sulfonated polysaccharide concentrations close to those employed in this study.…”

“…Studies have shown that sulfonation increases the biological potential of β-glucans, especially the relation to anticoagulant activity [22,23], antiviral [24], and anti-proliferation against cancer cells [11], antioxidant activity [25], and antibacterial activity [23]. Such biological potential functions make the sulfonated polysaccharides important biomaterials that can be widely used in the medical field, especially in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic sectors [21,22].…”

“…anti-aging [7], anti-inflammatory [8], hypocholesterolemic [9], antioxidant [10] and antimicrobial potential [11] have been described in the scientific literature on β-glucans. These biomacromolecules can be found in the cell wall of yeasts and filamentous fungi, algae and also in cereal grains such as oats and barley.…”