Antimicrobial Resistance in Horses

Steinman, Amir; Navon-Venezia, Shiri

doi:10.3390/ani10071161

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…9 Hyperlactatemia was defined as blood lactate levels >2.06 mmol/dL [26]. 10 Azotemia was defined as a baseline creatinine >1.9 mg/dL [27]. 11 Sepsis was defined based on established criteria [25,28].…”

Section: Population Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in recent years, there have been increasing reports pertaining to colonization and infections caused by 3GCRE among animals [9]. In equine medicine, reports of 3GCRE and in particular ESBL-PE infections are emerging, both in the community and in healthcare settings [10]. Shedding rates of 3GCRE by healthy horses in farms were reported worldwide, varying from 5.2% to 44% [11][12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Third Generation Cephalosporin Resistant Enterobacterales Infections in Hospitalized Horses and Donkeys: A Case–Case–Control Analysis

et al. 2021

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In human medicine, infections caused by third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales (3GCRE) are associated with detrimental outcomes. In veterinary medicine, controlled epidemiological analyses are lacking. A matched case–case–control investigation (1:1:1 ratio) was conducted in a large veterinary hospital (2017–2019). In total, 29 infected horses and donkeys were matched to 29 animals with third-generation cephalosporin-susceptible Enterobacterales (3GCSE) infections, and 29 uninfected controls (overall n = 87). Despite multiple significant associations per bivariable analyses, the only independent predictor for 3GCRE infection was recent exposure to antibiotics (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 104, p < 0.001), but this was also an independent predictor for 3GCSE infection (aOR = 22, p < 0.001), though the correlation with 3GCRE was significantly stronger (aOR = 9.3, p = 0.04). In separated multivariable outcome models, 3GCRE infections were independently associated with reduced clinical cure rates (aOR = 6.84, p = 0.003) and with 90 days mortality (aOR = 3.6, p = 0.003). Klebsiella spp. were the most common 3GCRE (36%), and blaCTX-M-1 was the major β-lactamase (79%). Polyclonality and multiple sequence types were evident among all Enterobacterales (e.g., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae). The study substantiates the significance of 3GCRE infections in equine medicine, and their independent detrimental impact on cure rates and mortality. Multiple Enterobacterales genera, subtypes, clones and mechanisms of resistance are prevalent among horses and donkeys with 3GCRE infections.

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Section: Population Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Third Generation Cephalosporin Resistant Enterobacterales Infections in Hospitalized Horses and Donkeys: A Case–Case–Control Analysis

et al. 2021

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“…In most countries, antibiotics belonging to several classes, including polypeptides (polymyxin B), macrolides, aminoglycosides, ansamycins, penicillin, cephalosporins, quinolones, sulphonamides, tetracyclines, trimethoprim, and metronidazoles, are used for the prophylactic control and empirical treatment of bacterial infections without conducting sensitivity tests, especially in situations where mortality rates are high, e.g., sepsis in foals [ 40 , 41 , 43 , 50 ]. Polymyxin B is used for the management of endotoxemia in horses and, at an anti-endotoxic dose (which is lower than the antimicrobial dose), for the treatment of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) [ 40 , 51 ].…”

Section: Possible Sources Transmission Routes and Impacts Of ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and Traits of Mobile Colistin Resistance (mcr) Gene-Bearing Organisms from Horses

et al. 2022

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Mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes (mcr-1 to mcr-10) threaten the efficacy of colistin (COL), a polymyxin antibiotic that is used as a last-line agent for the treatment of deadly infections caused by multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant bacteria in humans and animals. COL has been used for more than 60 years for the prophylactic control and treatment of infections in livestock husbandry but not in horses. Polymyxin B is used for the prophylactic control and empirical treatment of infections in horses without conducting sensitivity tests. The lack of sensitivity testing exerts selection pressure for the acquisition of the mcr gene. By horizontal transfer, mcr-1, mcr-5, and mcr-9 have disseminated among horse populations globally and are harbored by Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, and Salmonella species. Conjugative plasmids, insertion sequences, and transposons are the backbone of mcr genes in the isolates, which co-express genes conferring multi- to extensive-drug resistance, including genes encoding extended-spectrum β-lactamase, ampicillinase C, fosfomycin, and fluoroquinolone resistance, and virulence genes. The transmission of mcr genes to/among bacterial strains of equine origin is non-clonal. Contact with horses, horse manure, feed/drinking water, farmers, farmers’ clothing/farm equipment, the consumption of contaminated horse meat and its associated products, and the trading of horses, horse meat, and their associated products are routes for the transmission of mcr-gene-bearing bacteria in, to, and from the equine industry.

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“…With regard to equine medicine, a large amount of information on the importance of antibiotic-resistant pathogens in horses has been published [ 6 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ]. These publications refer to research studies, whilst there is a lack of relevant reviews that would summarise and critically assess relevant studies from a clinician’s viewpoint [ 14 , 15 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Aspects of Bacterial Distribution and Antibiotic Resistance in the Reproductive System of Equids

Tyrnenopoulou

Fthenakis

2023

Antibiotics

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Antibiotic administration is a standard therapeutic practice for the treatment of reproductive disorders of equids. This might lead to undesirable microbial imbalance and could favour the acquisition of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, it is imperative for clinicians to understand patterns of antibiotic resistance when considering and developing treatment regimes. Continued engagement of clinicians with novel alternative approaches to treat reproductive infections would be essential in order to address this rising threat within the One Health perspective. The objectives of the present review were to present the bacterial infections in the reproductive system of equids (horses, donkeys), to upraise the literature related to the issue of antibiotic resistance of bacteria causing these infections and to discuss the topic from a clinical perspective. Initially, the review summarised the various infections of the reproductive system of equids (genital system of females, genital system of males, mammary glands) and the causal bacteria, providing relevant information about horses and donkeys. Subsequently, the clinical therapeutics of these infections were presented, taking into account the significance of antibiotic resistance of bacteria as a limiting factor in treating the infections. Finally, approaches to circumvent antibiotic resistance in clinical settings were summarized. It was concluded that awareness regarding antibiotic resistance in equine reproductive medicine would increase, as we would recognise the multifaceted problem of resistance. Actions and initiatives within the One Health approach, minimizing the potential dissemination of resistant strains to humans and to the environment, with specific applications in medicine of equids should be appropriately instituted internationally.

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Antimicrobial Resistance in Horses

Abstract: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an increasingly recognized global public health threat to the modern health-care system that could hamper the control and treatment of infectious diseases [...]

Cited by 8 publications

References 20 publications

Third Generation Cephalosporin Resistant Enterobacterales Infections in Hospitalized Horses and Donkeys: A Case–Case–Control Analysis

Third Generation Cephalosporin Resistant Enterobacterales Infections in Hospitalized Horses and Donkeys: A Case–Case–Control Analysis

Epidemiology and Traits of Mobile Colistin Resistance (mcr) Gene-Bearing Organisms from Horses

Clinical Aspects of Bacterial Distribution and Antibiotic Resistance in the Reproductive System of Equids

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