Antimony Assessment in PET Bottles for Soft Drink

Kiyataka, Paulo Henrique Massaharu; Dantas, Sílvia Tondella; Albino, Aline Cristina; Pallone, Juliana Azevedo Lima

doi:10.1007/s12161-017-0951-x

Cited by 23 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Interestingly enough, Sb was only quantified in PET-bottled beverages, supporting the hypothesis of migration of the specific metal from PET packaging to the beverage. The presence of Sb in PET-bottled drinks could be attributed to its usage as a catalyst during the production of PET, mostly in the Sb trioxide form [48,49]. Xu et al [50] examined the leaching and bioavailability of Sb in PET-bottled beverages across six categories (carbonated, fruit juices, tea, sports, protein, and coffee beverages).…”

Section: Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Caffeine and Elements in Hypertonic, Isotonic, and Hypotonic Beverages

Athanasiadis,

Chatzimitakos,

Kalompatsios

et al. 2023

Beverages

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The study focused on the examination of eight commercial hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic beverage samples that were packaged in aluminum cans or polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles. The pH value, caffeine content, and concentration of thirty elements were determined. Caffeine quantification was performed by a high-performance liquid chromatography method. Element determination was conducted by using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry. The results showed that pH values were much more acidic in all samples, ranging from 2.68 to 3.97. Caffeine concentrations ranged from 0.02–38.93 mg/100 mL between the samples and were found to be below the acceptable daily level (~400 mg) established by the relevant food regulatory authority. The measurable quantity of caffeine (~10 mg/100 mL) was found in two functional beverage samples where caffeine was labeled as an ingredient. Element concentration varied with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) among all samples. Elements such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and lead were measured below the corresponding permissible levels set by the European Commission; however, daily consumption of functional beverages should be examined to deteriorate several health risks. Aluminum was quantified above the parametric value by 21 to 117% in the canned samples, whereas antimony was only measured in PET-bottled samples at approximately 3 μg/L. Multivariate methods were applied to investigate any possible correlation between the samples and the examined parameters. Strong positive correlations with statistically significant differences (R > 0.9, p < 0.05) were observed between zinc and copper and between calcium and silver. Finally, similarities and differences between the samples and the examined parameters resulted in satisfactory discrimination of them regarding not only their caffeine content but also their tonicity. Excessive consumption of functional beverages could represent a major public health issue due to elevated amounts of caffeine and elements. Consequently, the results of this research could facilitate the formulation of stricter standards in beverage consumption by revealing potential health hazards to consumers.

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Section: Elementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Caffeine and Elements in Hypertonic, Isotonic, and Hypotonic Beverages

Athanasiadis,

Chatzimitakos,

Kalompatsios

et al. 2023

Beverages

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“…This characteristic raises concerns regarding the potential adverse effects of Sb species leached from PET bottles into water and beverages, necessitating a thorough evaluation of this phenomenon. However, the current literature predominantly focuses on the total migrated amount of Sb [ 12 , 13 , 15 , 16 , 17 ], with a very poor number of works focusing on its speciation [ 18 , 19 ], thus leaving the recognition of different Sb species as a significant knowledge gap. Moreover, the diverse PET production technologies lead to an extreme variability in the total amount of Sb present in the polymer and, importantly, Sb speciation (likely due to partial oxidation of Sb(III) during manufacturing) [ 20 , 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing Antimony Speciation Analysis via Frontal Chromatography–ICP-MS to Explore the Release of PET Additives

López,

Binda,

Roncoroni

et al. 2024

Molecules

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Antimony (Sb) contamination poses significant environmental and health concerns due to its toxic nature and widespread presence, largely from anthropogenic activities. This study addresses the urgent need for an accurate speciation analysis of Sb, particularly in water sources, emphasizing its migration from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic materials. Current methodologies primarily focus on total Sb content, leaving a critical knowledge gap for its speciation. Here, we present a novel analytical approach utilizing frontal chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (FC-ICP-MS) for the rapid speciation analysis of Sb(III) and Sb(V) in water. Systematic optimization of the FC-ICP-MS method was achieved through multivariate data analysis, resulting in a remarkably short analysis time of 150 s with a limit of detection below 1 ng kg−1. The optimized method was then applied to characterize PET leaching, revealing a marked effect of the plastic aging and manufacturing process not only on the total amount of Sb released but also on the nature of leached Sb species. This evidence demonstrates the effectiveness of the FC-ICP-MS approach in addressing such an environmental concern, benchmarking a new standard for Sb speciation analysis in consideration of its simplicity, cost effectiveness, greenness, and broad applicability in environmental and health monitoring.

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“…In the literature, one can find reports about the release of elements from various container materials such as polyethylene (PET), glass, aluminum, or steel into beverages such as mineral water, juice, or soft drinks [8][9][10]. It was reported that some water additives such as citric acid can affect both the amount and the species in which certain elements are leached from bottle material [11][12][13][14][15]. In previous work, authors assessed the presence of toxic inorganic As, Cr, and Sb species in mineral water samples proving that those inorganic ionic species were present in that type of water [9,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Total Versus Inorganic and Organic Species of As, Cr, and Sb in Flavored and Functional Drinking Waters: Analysis and Risk Assessment

et al. 2020

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Packing material can release certain elements such as As, Cr, or Sb into its content and, thus, contaminate the drinking water. The effect of As, Cr, and Sb on human health depends highly on the chemical species in which these elements are introduced into the body. For the above reasons quantification and speciation of As, Cr, and Sb in flavored and functional drinking water samples is an important issue. Total, inorganic, and organic species of As, Cr, and Sb including As(III), As(V), Cr(VI), Sb(III), and Sb(V) were studied in flavored and functional drinking waters. Analyses of total As, Cr, and Sb were conducted using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) according to ISO 17294-2:2016. The speciation analysis of arsenic, chromium, and antimony in bottled flavored and functional drinking waters was conducted with the use of the elemental (HPLC/ICP dynamic reaction cell (DRC) MS) and molecular (electrospray ionization MS/MS) mass spectrometry. Concentrations of total As, Cr, and Sb (µg∙L−1) in waters studied were in the ranges 0.0922 ± 0.0067 to 8.37 ± 0.52, 0.0474 ± 0.0014 to 1.310 ± 0.045, and 0.0797 ± 0.0026 to 1.145 ± 0.019, respectively. Speciation analysis showed that, apart from the toxic ionic species, known and unknown organic species were present in test samples. The risk assessment results proved that there is no risk associated with consumption of these tested beverages in terms of the non-carcinogenic effect of total and inorganic or organic species of As, Cr, and Sb.

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Antimony Assessment in PET Bottles for Soft Drink

Cited by 23 publications

References 30 publications

Determination of Caffeine and Elements in Hypertonic, Isotonic, and Hypotonic Beverages

Determination of Caffeine and Elements in Hypertonic, Isotonic, and Hypotonic Beverages

Optimizing Antimony Speciation Analysis via Frontal Chromatography–ICP-MS to Explore the Release of PET Additives

Total Versus Inorganic and Organic Species of As, Cr, and Sb in Flavored and Functional Drinking Waters: Analysis and Risk Assessment

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