Antioxidant and hypolipidemic properties of mexidol and emoxypine during prolonged immobilization stress

Abstract

Increased level of the products of lipid peroxidation (LPO) is considered a factor leading to the risk of atherosclerosis development [1][2][3]. At the same time, experimental investigations confirm the ability of antioxidants to produce positive effects with respect to appearance and development of the atherosclerosis process [4][5].As is known, a significant role in pathogenesis of a number of diseases involving increased LPO level as a general pathogenic factor may belong to chronic stress. The results of some investigations showed that antioxidants such as emoxypine and mexidol may offer protection against acute stressor damage [6,7]. The purpose of this study was to characterize the antioxidant and hypolipidemic properties of mexidol and emoxypine on the model of prolonged immobilization-induced stress. EXPERIMENTAL PARTExperiments were performed on a group of 33 sexualy matore male Chinchilla rabbits weighing 2-3 kg. The immobilization-induced stress in the test animals was achieved by holding them in wire-framework cages, which strongly restricted the mobility but did not hinder access to food and water.There were three series of experiments. The control group of 12 rabbits was kept under the strong hypodynamia conditions for 30 days. Animals in the second (12 rabbits) 231and third (9 rabbits) groups were kept during the same period under identical conditions and daily injected in their edge auricular (otic) veins with 1 mg/kg of emoxypine or mexidol, respectively. Both before the mobility limitation and in the course of the experiment (7th, 14th, and 30th days) blood samples were taken and the plasma and erythrocytes were analyzed for malonic dialdehyde (MDA, the final LPO product) using a thiobarbitufic acid test. Erythrocytes were also analyzed for glutathione peroxidase (GP) [8], catalase [9], and superoxide dismutase (SOD) [10]. The total blood serum cholesterol was determined according to [I 1], the content of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) was studied turbodimetritally [12], the total lipid and triglyeeride levels were determined using the standard reagent kits (Sigma, USA), highdensity lipoproteins (HDLs) were analyzed after heparinmanganese precipitation and the deposition of apoprotein-I 3-containing lipoproteins (apo-~Ls) according to [11], and the blood serum albumin was determined by electrophoresis in agar. After the immobilization period, the animals were killed by intravenous injection of a lethal dose of hexenal (100 mg/kg). The results of investigation were processed by methods of variational statistics with determination of the Student t-criterion. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONProlonged immobilization-induced stress resulted in a high level of lethality (24 %) in the control group of animals.The immobilization leads to activation of the LPO process, as indicated by increasing MDA level in the blood plasma (by 99, 144, and 128 % on the 7th, 14th, and 30th day, respectively) and, albeit to a lower extent and within a

Lymphotropic Effect of Mexidol in Reactive Fever

“…Mexidol promotes a decrease in oxygen consumption, thus stimulating the adaptive compensatory functions of the body [1][2][3][5][6][7][8][9][10]12,13]. Mexidol inhibits free radical LPO processes, increases activities of antioxidant enzymes, and produces positive effects on the physicochemical characteristics of membranes by increasing the content of polar lipid fractions (phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol) and reducing the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio and viscosity of the lipid bilayer.…”

Dependence of Phenol Toxicity on Kind and Position of Substitutes

“…For inhibition reactions of chain oxidation in vivo as substances, phenol derivatives are widely used .They possess physiological activity in mammals. There appeared Biologically Active Supplements and medicines of the antioxidant effect, which are of great help to treat many diseases, for example: dibunoli, mexidol, emoxipin, trimexidini, and probucoli [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. In Russia the substances group of the antioxidant effect was chosen from Biologically Active Supplements [11].…”