Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase Potentials of Cassia timoriensis DC. Flowers

Alhawarri, Maram B.; Dianita, Roza; Razak, Khairul Niza Abd; Mohamad, Suriani; Nogawa, Toshihiko; Wahab, Habibah A.

doi:10.3390/molecules26092594

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 81 publications

(108 reference statements)

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“…Our previous screening of 17 methanolic extracts from C. fistula, C. alata, C. spectabilis, C. timoriensis, and C. grandis showed that C. timoriensis and C. grandis exhibited promising AChE inhibitory activity [ 27 ]. Additionally, our group analyzed different extracts of C. timoriensis flowers for phytochemical analysis and inhibitory activity [ 28 ]. It was found that ethyl acetate, methanol, and hexane extract of C. timoriensis with IC 50 values of 6.91, 6.40, and 12.08 µg/mL, respectively, were a promising option for further chemical investigation [ 28 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, our group analyzed different extracts of C. timoriensis flowers for phytochemical analysis and inhibitory activity [ 28 ]. It was found that ethyl acetate, methanol, and hexane extract of C. timoriensis with IC 50 values of 6.91, 6.40, and 12.08 µg/mL, respectively, were a promising option for further chemical investigation [ 28 ]. Based on the previous AChE screening results along with TLC profiling, only n -hexane and ethyl acetate extracts were chosen for further chemical analysis and purification.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential Anti-Cholinesterase Activity of Bioactive Compounds Extracted from Cassia grandis L.f. and Cassia timoriensis DC.

Alhawarri

Dianita

Rawa

et al. 2023

Plants

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Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors remain the primary therapeutic drug that can alleviate Alzheimer’s disease’s (AD) symptoms. Several Cassia species have been shown to exert significant anti-AChE activity, which can be an alternative remedy for AD. Cassia timoriensis and Cassia grandis are potential plants with anti-AChE activity, but their phytochemical investigation is yet to be further conducted. The aims of this study were to identify the phytoconstituents of C. timoriensis and C. grandis and evaluate their inhibitory activity against AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). Two compounds were isolated for the first time from C. timoriensis: arachidyl arachidate (1) and luteolin (2). Five compounds were identified from C. grandis: β-sitosterol (3), stigmasterol (4), cinnamic acid (5), 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (6), and hydroxymethylfurfural (7). Compound 2 showed significant inhibition towards AChE (IC50: 20.47 ± 1.10 µM) and BChE (IC50: 46.15 ± 2.20 µM), followed by 5 (IC50: 40.5 ± 1.28 and 373.1 ± 16.4 µM) and 6 (IC50: 43.4 ± 0.61 and 409.17 ± 14.80 µM) against AChE and BChE, respectively. The other compounds exhibited poor to slightly moderate AChE inhibitory activity. Molecular docking revealed that 2 showed good binding affinity towards TcAChE (PDB ID: 1W6R) and HsBChE (PDB ID: 4BDS). It formed a hydrogen bond with TYR121 at the peripheral anionic site (PAS, 2.04 Å), along with hydrophobic interactions with the anionic site and PAS (TRP84 and TYR121, respectively). Additionally, 2 formed three H-bonds with the binding site residues: one bond with catalytic triad, HIS438 at distance 2.05 Å, and the other two H-bonds with GLY115 and GLU197 at distances of 2.74 Å and 2.19 Å, respectively. The evidence of molecular interactions of 2 may justify the relevance of C. timoriensis as a cholinesterase inhibitor, having more promising activity than C. grandis.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Anti-Cholinesterase Activity of Bioactive Compounds Extracted from Cassia grandis L.f. and Cassia timoriensis DC.

Alhawarri

Dianita

Rawa

et al. 2023

Plants

Self Cite

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“…It is worth mentioning that this is the first study on the enzyme inhibitory activity of the four species against these enzymes except for C. grandis , where a previous study on the pulp of the fruit reported its α-glucosidase inhibition [ 37 ]. Alhawarri et al [ 38 ] reported that the high anti-AChE activity of Cassia timoriensis was positively correlated to its high phenolic and flavonoids. Phenolic compounds with anti-AChE activity were suggested to improve the signal transmission in nerve synapses and increase the concentration of ACh in synapses between cholinergic neurons [ 39 , 40 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Leaves from Two Cassia and Two Senna Species

et al. 2022

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Several species within the genera Cassia or Senna have a treasure of traditional medicines worldwide and can be a promising source of bioactive molecules. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the phenolic content and antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities of leaf methanolic extracts of C. fistula L., C. grandis L., S. alexandrina Mill., and S. italica Mill. The two Cassia spp. contained higher total polyphenolic content (42.23–49.75 mg GAE/g) than the two Senna spp., and C. fistula had significantly (p ˂ 0.05) the highest concentration. On the other hand, the Senna spp. showed higher total flavonoid content (41.47–59.24 mg rutin equivalent per g of extract) than that found in the two Cassia spp., and S. alexandrina significantly (p ˂ 0.05) accumulated the highest amount. HPLC–MS/MS analysis of 38 selected bioactive compounds showed that the majority of compounds were identified in the four species, but with sharp variations in their concentrations. C. fistula was dominated by epicatechin (8928.75 µg/g), C. grandis by kaempferol-3-glucoside (47,360.04 µg/g), while rutin was the major compound in S. italica (17,285.02 µg/g) and S. alexandrina (6381.85). The methanolic extracts of the two Cassia species exerted significantly (p ˂ 0.05) higher antiradical activity, metal reducing capacity, and total antioxidant activity than that recorded from the two Senna species’ methanolic extracts, and C. fistula displayed significantly (p ˂ 0.05) the highest values. C. grandis significantly (p ˂ 0.05) exhibited the highest metal chelating power. The results of the enzyme inhibition activity showed that the four species possessed anti-AChE activity, and the highest value, but not significantly (p ≥ 0.05) different from those obtained by the two Cassia spp., was exerted by S. alexandrina. The Cassia spp. exhibited significantly (p ˂ 0.05) higher anti-BChE and anti-Tyr properties than the Senna spp., and C. grandise revealed significantly (p ˂ 0.05) the highest values. C. grandise revealed significantly (p ˂ 0.05) the highest α- amylase inhibition, while the four species had more or less the same effect against the α-glucosidase enzyme. Multivariate analysis and in silico studies showed that many of the identified phenols may play key roles as antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties. Thus, these Cassia and Senna species could be a promising source of natural bioactive agents with beneficial effects for human health.

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“…An example of what can happen with crude extracts from parts of plants is the recent article by Alhawarri et al 5 in the journal Molecules , (an open access journal). Page 3 of that article has a listing of the “assays” utilized, followed by a discussion of many of the classes of molecules that were “considered to be present.” However, many of the compounds listed were identified using what in basic analytical chemistry are known as spot tests.…”

Section: A Recent Example Of Problems Using Natural Product Extractsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Problems that Can Occur when Assaying Extracts to Pure Compounds in Biological Systems

Newman¹

2021

Current Therapeutic Research

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For a significant number of years, scientists of many persuasions have assayed natural product materials ranging from crude extracts to pure compounds, in a multitude of assays causally related to some biological processes. However, in a very significant number of submitted papers and published articles, what may be considered as canned biological assays were used, and if a positive effect was observed, then the authors would claim that the material assayed was a potential drug lead. This also occurred with pure synthetic compounds and compounds derived from natural products by simple chemical modifications. However, what has now become quite obvious—with all such classes of materials—is that there are many promiscuous players with multiple bioactivities. These can range from relatively crude extracts, pure compounds from natural products, synthetic processes that produce natural product derivatives, and even compounds that are truly synthetic in origin. There is also a potential problem with the data from crude to purified extracts being used to claim some form of beneficial activities for such materials, to sell that particular mixture to the lay public, by very careful descriptions of its possible uses due to legal hurdles. With the advent of artificial intelligence and very large compound databases, some of which may well contain impure materials, scientists from a variety of backgrounds have begun to utilize such listings to obtain compounds for their low to high throughput biological screens, without realizing that there are very significant numbers of active compounds (eg, pan assay interference compounds and invalid metabolic panaceas), that will hit in many different screens for a variety of reasons, thus leading to significant wasted efforts and published scientific articles that have incorrect results. This commentary gives some of the history of such materials but is designed to be used as a warning to both researchers and in particular, journal editors, and reviewers, that reports of biological results that are claimed to be the result of the compounds used, need to be very carefully screened for results due to such promiscuous compounds, irrespective of their nominal source(s). All literature searches were made by the author and the background knowledge has come from more than 55 years of research in industry and governmental laboratories in both the United Kingdom and the United States, for enzyme inhibitors/activators as well as antimicrobial and antitumor lead compounds mainly from natural product sources. The conclusion that I came up with as a result is this: Caveat emptor. ( Curr Ther Res Clin Exp . 2021; 82:XXX–XXX) © 2021 Elsevier HS Journals, Inc.

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Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase Potentials of Cassia timoriensis DC. Flowers

Cited by 12 publications

References 81 publications

Potential Anti-Cholinesterase Activity of Bioactive Compounds Extracted from Cassia grandis L.f. and Cassia timoriensis DC.

Potential Anti-Cholinesterase Activity of Bioactive Compounds Extracted from Cassia grandis L.f. and Cassia timoriensis DC.

Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities of Leaves from Two Cassia and Two Senna Species

Problems that Can Occur when Assaying Extracts to Pure Compounds in Biological Systems

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