Antioxidant Capacity, Phenolic Constituents and Toxicity of Hot Water Extract from Red Maple Buds

Abstract

The present study reports, for the first time, the results of the antioxidant capacity and the phenolic composition of a hot water extract from red maple buds (RMB), as well as its safety. In this regard and comparatively to antioxidant standards, this extract exhibits a significant antiradical capacity when tested by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH ) and anion superoxide trapping assays. High-resolution mass spectrometric and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses permitted to determine for the first time, in red maple species, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-arabinoside, and quercetin. Also, the quantification of individual phenolics by high-performance liquid chromatography method revealed that ginnalin A at 117.0 mg/g is the major compound of RMB hot water extract. Finally, using flow cytometry evaluation, the extract of RMB was determined to have no toxicity neither to cause significant modification of apoptosis process, up to concentration of 100 μg/ml, on human peripheral blood neutrophils. These results allow anticipating various fields of application of RMB water extract.

Impact of drying processes on properties of polyphenol‐enriched maple sugar powders

“…These compounds were identified to be maplexin A (retention time, t R = 7.768 min; Peak 1), Ginallin 3,6 ( t R = 10.118 min, Peak 4), Maplexin D ( t R = 10.426 min, Peak 5), and Ginnalin A ( t R = 11.887, min Peak 7). Previous studies have also reported the presence of these four phenolic compounds in the hot water extract of red maple bark and buds (Geoffroy, Meda, et al, ; N. R. Meda et al, ).…”

Ultra‐fast liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry for the rapid phenolic profiling of red maple (Acer rubrum) leaves

“…Compounds 51 and 53 were further tentatively identified as quercetin‐3‐ O ‐galloyl hexosides by their high‐intensity radical aglycone ion at m/z 300 in MS/MS spectra. Notably, a quercetin‐ O ‐galloyl‐hexoside was previously reported in the red maple species .…”

“…Compound 64 ( t R = 31.90 min) displayed a deprotonated ion at m/z 433 and was tentatively identified as quercetin‐3‐ O ‐pentoside based on the characteristic fragment ions of quercetin at m/z 301, 255, and 151, the diagnostic daughter ion of 3‐OH substituted quercetin at m/z 300, and the loss of 132 Da corresponding to a pentose moiety. Notably, quercetin‐3‐ O ‐arabinoside has previously been reported from the red maple species .…”

“…Although maple sap/syrup is widely consumed as a food product, various parts of the red maple species, including its buds, flowers, leaves, twigs, and barks, were used as a folk medicine by the Native Americans for the treatment of a variety of ailments . More recently, extracts purified from these red maple plant parts are being investigated for their potential nutraceutical and cosmetic applications based on a wide range of biological properties including antioxidant, α‐glucosidase enzyme inhibitory, blood–glucose lowering, and skin lightening cosmetic effects . These biological effects have largely been attributed to the phenolic constituents found in the red maple species, in particular, anhydro‐1,5‐glucitol‐core containing gallotannins, which are only produced by certain members of the maple ( Acer ) genus in the entire higher plant kingdom .…”

“…Our group has conducted extensive previous isolation and structure elucidation studies (by TOF‐MS and NMR spectroscopic data) of the leaves, flowers, twigs, and barks of the red maple species, which yielded a series of new compounds containing different numbers of galloyl substituents located at different positions on the anhydro‐1,5‐glucitol‐core . In addition, the buds of the red maple species have also been reported to contain a variety of phenolic subclasses, including anhydro‐1,5‐glucitol‐core containing gallotannins .…”