Antioxidant, Cytotoxicity, Apoptotic Properties of Extracts ofAndricus sternlichtigalls and Their Phenolic Characterisation by HPLC

Abstract

Quercus L. galls have been used in Western and Eastern cultures for various diseases in traditional medicine. Galls are also used in the East for many purposes, including consumption as food, commercial inks, leather tanning. In the current study, Andricus sternlichti Bellido, Pujade-Villar & Melika, 2003 galls were extracted in different solvents. The possible antioxidant effects of gall extracts were determined using 7 different methods (βcarotene-linoleic acid assay, Phosphomolybdenum assay, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, CUPRAC and FRAP assay, Metal Chelating activity) to support each other. Total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin amounts of extracts are calculated by using standard curves. In addition, HPLC method used to characterize the phenolic component with 15 different standards. The MIA PaCa-2 cell lines was preferred to identify possible cytotoxic activities of galls. Expression of some genes (Bax, Bcl-2, FAS, BID, caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, caspase-10, FADD, TRADD) role in the apoptosis was determined to investigate apoptotic effects of extracts. According the results, the gall extracts of A. sternlichti may be considered as a potential source of biological agents for their antioxidant capacity and rich bioactive compounds. The gall extracts exhibit antiproliferative activity via regulating expressions of apoptotic genes.

Phytochemical Profiling and Biological Activities of Quercus sp. Galls (Oak Galls): A Systematic Review of Studies Published in the Last 5 Years

“…Other solvents used were acetone (n = 1), n-butanol (n = 1), and mixtures, water/diethyl ether/ethyl acetate (n = 1) and diethyl ether/ethanol/water (n = 1). Among the conventional extraction techniques, maceration extraction [14,19,21,34,47], decoction technique [15], digestion technique [8][9][10]40,47], exhaustive serial extraction [15], soxhlet extraction [33], and reflux extraction were used [17,18,51].…”

“…In the case of phenolic acids, the number of representatives identified was higher when alcoholic solvents were used, than when the extraction solvent used was water. Thus, the extraction in methanol led to the identification of 11 phenolic acids by each of the two research teams led by Kılınçarslan Aksoy et al [10,40]; the ethanolic extracts allowed the identification of 11 [14] and, respectively, 14 phenolic acids [21], while only 4 [18] and, respectively, 5 representatives [43] were identified in the aqueous extracts. The lowest extraction efficiency was observed when the solvents used were ethyl acetate [16] and, respectively, a mixture of solvents, water/diethyl ether/ethyl acetate [17], which led to the identification of only two phenolic acids.…”

“…Historically, Quercus sp. galls have been used for millennia in both Western and Eastern cultures as traditional remedies to treat inflammatory conditions, including diarrhea and dysentery, stomach aches, toothaches, and tooth decay, as well as in postpartum care, in combating metabolic abnormalities and oxidative stress-related diseases [1,6,9,10]. In Plants 2023, 12, 3873 2 of 48 addition to medicinal use, the industrial use of Quercus sp.…”

“…In recent years, the search for natural products to prevent or treat diseases is increasing. Among these products, oak galls have attracted the attention of researchers through the biological activities demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo, which are related to the chemical composition rich in antioxidant phenolic compounds [10,12,[14][15][16][17]. Compared to other galls, the galls of the genus Quercus stand out for the highest level of tannins (50-70%) [1,4].…”

“…Compared to other galls, the galls of the genus Quercus stand out for the highest level of tannins (50-70%) [1,4]. In addition to tannins, the diverse phenolic profile mainly includes numerous flavonoids and simple phenolic compounds, such as phenolic acids, hydroxyphenols and coumarins, and in a smaller number, representatives from other groups of phenolic compounds, i.e., phenolic aldehydes, naphthodianthrones, acyl-phloroglucinols, phenolic alcohols, and stilbenes [9,10,[18][19][20][21].…”