Antioxidant defence and oxidative stress markers in cats with asymptomatic and symptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a pilot study

Abstract

Background: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the most common cardiovascular cause of death in cats. Although the majority of cats remain asymptomatic, some may develop signs of chronic heart failure due to diastolic failure, arterial thromboembolism (ATE) or sudden cardiac death. Therefore, it is crucial to identify individuals that are in high risk of developing cardiac complications before the onset of life-threatening signs. Oxidative stress is the imbalance between the production and neutralisation of reactive oxygen species. Uncontrolled reactive oxygen species overproduction leads to protein and lipid peroxidation and damages the DNA strands, injuring the cells and leading to their death. The aim of the study was to evaluate the oxidative state in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and healthy controls. Results: In total, 30 cats divided into three groups were assessed: animals with clinically evident hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM; n = 8), subclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (SUB-HCM; n = 11) and healthy controls (n = 11). The activity of superoxide dismutase was statistically significantly lower in animals with symptomatic and asymptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM 0.99 ± 0.35 U/mL; SUB-HCM 1.39 ± 0.4 U/mL) compared to healthy cats (2.07 ± 0.76 U/mL, p < 0.01). The activity of catalase was significantly lower in the SUB-HCM group (19.4 ± 4.2 nmol/min/mL) compared to the HCM (23.6 ± 5.9 nmol/min/mL) and the control (30 ± 7.5 nmol/min/mL, p < 0.01) group. The activity of glutathione peroxidase was 4196 ± 353 nmol/min/mL in the HCM group, 4331 ± 451 nmol/min/mL in the SUB-HCM group and 4037 ± 341 nmol/min/mL in the control group and did not differ significantly between groups. The total antioxidant capacity of plasma was 602 ± 65.5 copper reducing equivalents (CRE) in the HCM group, 605.9 ± 39.9 CRE in the SUB-HCM group and 629 ± 77.5 CRE in the healthy cats and did not differ significantly between the groups. Conclusions: Activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase differed in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, however the activity of the latter was only significantly lower in asymptomatic stage of the disease. The potentially beneficial effect of antioxidative substances on the disease progression in the asymptomatic and symptomatic stage of this disease should also be examined.

Vitamin D Supplementation Could Enhance the Effectiveness of Glibenclamide in Treating Diabetes and Preventing Diabetic Nephropathy: A Biochemical, Histological and Immunohistochemical Study

“…At the same time, living organisms have evolved several protective anti-oxidant enzymes against ROS toxicity, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and many others. 9 …”

The Influence of Zearalenone on Selected Hemostatic Parameters in Sexually Immature Gilts

“…In our study, plasma catalase activity in the control group increased over time, whereas its activity remained relatively stable in the ZEN-treated group ( Table 3 ). The increase in the control animals could indicate age-related changes in the concentration of H 2 O 2 , which modulated the expression of catalase mRNA via a feedback mechanism [ 45 , 79 , 80 , 81 ]. Catalase activity was the only marker of oxidative stress that was analyzed in the present study, but in vivo studies conducted by Marin et al [ 23 ], Shi et al [ 82 ] and Cheng et al [ 83 ] demonstrated that oxidative stress can be induced at a wide range of ZEN concentrations.…”

“…Similarly, Liu et al [ 86 ] also observed that exposure to ZEN at a dose of 1.04 mg·kg·feed −1 for 35 days decreased catalase activity and increased ROS production in the intestinal wall of gilts. Bellanti et al [ 87 ], Michałek et al [ 45 ] and Salah-Abbès et al [ 88 ] linked a decrease in catalase activity with oxidative stress and the depletion of defense mechanisms against ROS. ZEN can induce oxidative stress via various mechanisms in a manner that is dependent on the dose, the duration of exposure and the targeted tissues [ 47 , 89 , 90 , 91 ].…”

“…This plasma protein participates in coagulation, and changes in its concentration or quality are manifested by extravasations or bleeding on the surface of skin and mucous membranes [ 44 ]. As the secondary antioxidant enzyme in the peroxidative defense system, catalase is most active in erythrocytes and hepatocytes, but its activity is also modified in the blood serum [ 45 , 46 , 47 ]. Serum catalase protects vascular endothelial cells against damage induced by H 2 O 2 [ 48 ].…”

Updates on Laboratory Evaluation of Feline Cardiac Diseases

“…A recent study shows that the activities of SOD and CAT are different in cats with HCM, but the activity of CAT was only lower in asymptomatic subjects. This opens new perspectives for the administration of antioxidants to possibly stop the progression of the disease [ 30 ].…”