Antioxidant synergism between carotenoids in membranes. Astaxanthin as a radical transfer bridge

ROS production in neutrophils from alloxan-induced diabetic rats treated in vivo with astaxanthin

“…In addition, ASTA can decrease the fluidity of the membranes on liposomes. The decreased fluidity hampers diffusion of free radicals in the membrane, in fact increasing the antioxidative efficiency of the ASTA [52]. Recently, a study reported that daily oral doses of ASTA throughout 16 days of supplementation increased both plasma and intracellular leukocytes concentrations of astaxanthin by a progressive fashion [53].…”

Astaxanthin: structural and functional aspects

“…On the other hand, astaxanthin reduced lipid peroxidation by 40% while preserving membrane structure. Liang et al 41 showed that incorporation of astaxanthin decreases the fluidity of the membrane measured by fluorescence anisotropy, which may further hamper diffusion and bimolecular radical reactions, increasing antioxidant efficiency.…”

Effects of Supplementation with Neptune Krill Oil (Euphasia Superba) on Selected Redox Parameters and Pro-Inflammatory Markers in Athletes during Exhaustive Exercise

“…Astaxanthin belongs to a group of carotenoids with the highest biological activity, but in contrast to other representatives of this group does not exhibit pro-oxidative properties (Beutner et al 2001). Astaxanthin inhibits lipid peroxidation at a cellular level, protecting cell membranes and mitochondrial membranes against oxidation (Goto et al 2001;Liang et al 2009). Aoi et al (2003) tested the effects of 3-week astaxanthin supplementation in rats who were subjected to intense exercise.…”