Antioxidant therapy to improve or resolve atherosclerosis; new hopes and current trends

Abstract

An introduction to atherosclerosis Coronary artery disease (CAD) is known major leading causes of death in developed countries over recent decades. It has been estimated that 15.5 million adults (6.2% of the adult population) are involved in CAD in the United States (1). Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease in arterial intima and established the major leading causes of death in the United States and Europe (2). The incidence of atherosclerosis is correlated with disorder of several biological pathways; such as angiogenesis, inflammatory response and immune response, adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, insulin resistance and diabetes (3). In 1995, it was suggested that selective retention of lipoprotein in the artery wall is the initiating step in atherogenesis. The disease is characterized by the presence of atherosclerotic plaques consisting of lipids, immune cells, and debris in the arterial intima. Plaques develop at predisposed regions characterized by disturbed blood flow dynamics, such as curvature and branch points (4). Several risk factors can be the cause of atherosclerotic, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, obesity, age, sex, inadequate lifestyle, and cigarette smoking (5). Role of oxidative stress in atherosclerosis Imbalance between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidant causes oxidative stress. The different signals such as UV light, chemicals, cigarette smoke, microbial toxins stimulate oxidative stress process in body cells. This process is related to the pathogenesis of different cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis through different mechanisms (6). Disorders of lipid metabolism increase the level of blood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and its aggregation in vascular wall. Endothelial cells,

The effects of oral magnesium supplementation on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose–response meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials

“…This condition comes with great costs for both the individual and society. Therefore, therapeutic strategies, including a range of dietary, supplements have been developed to improve the glycaemic control (3,42,43) . Among dietary supplements, Mg has aroused curiosity among the scientific community.…”

Coffee protects cardiovascular health by maintaining the structure of coronary arterial wall intimal collagen

“…Due to its rich antioxidant and anti-inflammatory content, it has been hypothesized that coffee consumption might be of benefit to cardiovascular health since oxidation and inflammation represent the important mechanisms in coronary artery disease (Rafieian-Kopaei, 2014). The anti-atherosclerotic property of antioxidants in prevention and improvement atherosclerosis had been reviewed by Yalameha (2019).…”

Cardioprotective potential of vanillic acid

“…50,51 Recently, different evidence has strongly supported the positive relationship between the consumption of antioxidant-rich diets and cardiovascular health. [52][53][54] It has been observed that certain foods containing bioactive compounds, such as carotenoids and polyphenols, possess ameliorative and/or therapeutic effects against atherosclerotic lesions, ventricular remodelling, myocardial infarction, HF and MIRI. 36 In addition, antioxidant-rich natural products such as fruits, vegetables, cereals and nuts could upgrade cardiovascular health and decrease the risk of CVDs via regulating serum lipids, blood pressure, blood glucose and body weight as well as mitigating inflammation and OS.…”