Antisense RNA inhibition of polygalacturonase gene expression in transgenic tomatoes

Smith, Christopher J.; Watson, C. Scott; Ray, John A.; Bird, Colin R.; Morris, P. I.; Schuch, Wolfgang; Grierson, Don

doi:10.1038/334724a0

Cited by 623 publications

(320 citation statements)

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“…Over the years changes in pectin composition during fruit ripening have been studied extensively in many species, but the association of biochemical changes with changes in fruit texture is still unclear. Pectin depolymerization has little impact on wall swelling and softening during tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruit ripening (Smith et al, 1988), and in other instances the swelling state of several fruit walls may change markedly without significant pectin depolymerization (Redgwell et al, 1997). Rose et al (1998) show that wall swelling and softening may be accompanied by pectin depolymerization events, but the events are either not the only requirements or they may be unrelated to ripening.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Loss of Highly Branched Arabinans and Debranching of Rhamnogalacturonan I Accompany Loss of Firm Texture and Cell Separation during Prolonged Storage of Apple

2004

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Growth and maturation of the edible cortical cells of apples (Malus domestica Borkh) are accompanied by a selective loss of pectin-associated (1/4)-b-D-galactan from the cell walls, whereas a selective loss of highly branched (1/5)-a-L-arabinans occurs after ripening and in advance of the loss of firm texture. The selective loss of highly branched arabinans occurs during the overripening of apples of four cultivars (Gala, Red Delicious, Firm Gold, and Gold Rush) that varied markedly in storage life, but, in all instances, the loss prestages the loss of firm texture, measured by both breaking strength and compression resistance. The unbranched (1/5)-linked arabinans remain associated with the major pectic polymer, rhamnogalacturonan I, and their content remains essentially unchanged during overripening. However, the degree of rhamnogalacturonan I branching at the rhamnosyl residues also decreases, but only after extensive loss of the highly branched arabinans. In contrast to the decrease in arabinan content, the loss of the rhamnogalacturonan I branching is tightly correlated with loss of firm texture in all cultivars, regardless of storage time. In vitro cell separation assays show that structural proteins, perhaps via their phenolic residues, and homogalacturonans also contribute to cell adhesion. Implications of these cell wall modifications in the mechanisms of apple cortex textural changes and cell separation are discussed.Loss of firm texture and cell adhesion are ripeningassociated processes that affect fruit quality and postharvest storage. Because the pectin substances are enriched in the walls of fruit cells compared to primary walls of other growing cells and because they constitute major components of the middle lamellae, these acidic polysaccharides have long been suspected to play key roles in fruit ripening (Jarvis, 1984;Brummel and Harpster, 2001). Over the years changes in pectin composition during fruit ripening have been studied extensively in many species, but the association of biochemical changes with changes in fruit texture is still unclear. Pectin depolymerization has little impact on wall swelling and softening during tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruit ripening (Smith et al., 1988), and in other instances the swelling state of several fruit walls may change markedly without significant pectin depolymerization (Redgwell et al., 1997). Rose et al. (1998) show that wall swelling and softening may be accompanied by pectin depolymerization events, but the events are either not the only requirements or they may be unrelated to ripening. One of the surprises that emerged from the completion of the Arabidopsis genome sequence is the large number of genes that putatively encode polysaccharide degrading enzymes (Arabidopsis Genome Initiative, 2000). For example, Arabidopsis contains more than 250 genes that encode enzymes that are related to those that depolymerize pectins (Henrissat et al., 2001). This significant allotment of the genome toward pectin hydrolysis forces plant biologists to rec...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Loss of Highly Branched Arabinans and Debranching of Rhamnogalacturonan I Accompany Loss of Firm Texture and Cell Separation during Prolonged Storage of Apple

2004

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“…The two solanaceous species tobacco and tomato allow a comparison of the extent of conservation of wall proteins within one family. Tomato is important commercially and was the subject of the first successful attempts to modify the expression of wall proteins by transformation (10). Tobacco is an important model plant for attempts to modify cellulose extractability by modifying lignification (11).…”

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confidence: 99%

Differential Extraction and Protein Sequencing Reveals Major Differences in Patterns of Primary Cell Wall Proteins from Plants

Robertson¹,

Mitchell²,

Gilroy³

et al. 1997

Journal of Biological Chemistry

123

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The proteins of the primary cell walls of suspension cultured cells of five plant species, Arabidopsis, carrot, French bean, tomato, and tobacco, have been compared. The approach that has been adopted is differential extraction followed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), rather than two-dimensional gel analysis, to facilitate protein sequencing. Whole cells were washed sequentially with the following aqueous solutions, CaCl 2 , CDTA (cyclohexane diaminotetraacetic acid, DTT (dithiothreitol), NaCl, and borate. SDS-PAGE analysis showed consistent differences between species. From the 233 proteins that were selected for sequencing, 63% gave N-terminal data. This analysis shows that (i) patterns of proteins revealed by SDS-PAGE are strikingly different for all five species, (ii) a large number of these proteins cannot be identified by data base searches indicating that a significant proportion of wall proteins have not been previously described, (iii) the major proteins that can be identified belong to very different classes of proteins, (iv) the majority of proteins found in the extracellular growth media are absent from their respective cell wall extracts, and (v) the results of the extraction process are indicative of higher order structure. It appears that aspects of speciation reside in the complement of extracellular wall proteins. The data represent a protein resource for cell wall studies complementary to EST (expressed sequence tag) and DNA sequencing strategies.The plant cell wall is a dynamic system generally considered to be composed of more than 90% carbohydrate polymers. Proteins, phenolics and possibly lipids make up the remainder of the wall (1-3). To date, most research interest has been in the carbohydrate components because of considerations of their structural role and commercial interest. This has led to a number of models for the integration, interpolymeric association, and assembly of the wall (3, 4). By comparison, our knowledge of the complexity of protein in the plant cell wall is in a less advanced state. Much of the understanding of the range of structural wall proteins has come from cDNA and genomic cloning exercises and has led to the identification of glycine-, cysteine-, proline-, and hydroxyproline-rich subsets of wall proteins. In addition, many extracellular enzymes have been identified that are required for the restructuring and modification of this dynamic extracellular matrix which underpin its role in defense, detoxification, signaling, cell-cell recognition, cell expansion, cell adhesion, cell separation, translocation, differentiation, and morphogenesis (2, 5, 6). However, there is a lack of direct studies on the proteins themselves and the true range of extracellular proteins and their species differences remains to be elucidated. The present work describes the systematic extraction and sequencing of the major primary wall proteins from five species representing four families of plants.Since whole plant tissue is complicated by the presence of different tissue...

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“…Anti-sense repression of TFPG has lead to the production of tomato fruit with longer shelf life but the fruits did undergo ripening indicating that other actors also play a relevant role in the process of fruit softening (Smith et al 1988). The PS-2 may well be one of these actors by contributing to the fruit cell wall degradation.…”

Section: Ps-2 Transcript Accumulation Increases Along With the Develomentioning

confidence: 99%

ps-2, the gene responsible for functional sterility in tomato, due to non-dehiscent anthers, is the result of a mutation in a novel polygalacturonase gene

et al. 2009

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The recessive mutation ps-2, which appeared spontaneously in tomato, confers functional male sterility due to non-dehiscent anthers. In this study, we isolated and characterized the PS-2 gene. A single nucleotide mutation in a novel tomato polygalacturonase gene is responsible for the ps-2 phenotype. The mutation in ps-2 is responsible for an alternative splicing during maturation of the pre-mRNA, which leads to an aberrant mRNA. DiVerentiation between ps-2 and wild type (PS-2) anthers only appears in the Wnal developmental stage in which the stomium remains closed in the mutant. To our knowledge, this is the Wrst functional sterility gene isolated in the Solanaceae family. The speciWc expression of the Arabidopsis homolog of PS-2 in the anther dehiscence zone suggests a conserved mode of action over the plant kingdom, which means that the repression of PS-2 homologs may be a potential way to introduce functional sterility in other species.

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Antisense RNA inhibition of polygalacturonase gene expression in transgenic tomatoes

Cited by 623 publications

References 28 publications

Loss of Highly Branched Arabinans and Debranching of Rhamnogalacturonan I Accompany Loss of Firm Texture and Cell Separation during Prolonged Storage of Apple

Loss of Highly Branched Arabinans and Debranching of Rhamnogalacturonan I Accompany Loss of Firm Texture and Cell Separation during Prolonged Storage of Apple

Differential Extraction and Protein Sequencing Reveals Major Differences in Patterns of Primary Cell Wall Proteins from Plants

ps-2, the gene responsible for functional sterility in tomato, due to non-dehiscent anthers, is the result of a mutation in a novel polygalacturonase gene

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