Antiserum against<i>Escherichia coli</i>J5 Contains Antibodies Reactive with Outer Membrane Proteins of Heterologous Gram‐Negative Bacteria

Hellman, Judith; Zanzot, E M; Loiselle, Paul M.; Amato, Stephen; Black, Kerry M.; Ge, Yimin; Kurnick, James T.; Warren, H. Shaw

doi:10.1086/514121

Cited by 31 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…As corroborative evidence, it was also suggested that both Lpp and Pal epitopes were exposed on the surface of E. coli that had been incubated in human serum (Hellman et al, 1997). Here we have shown with flow cytometry and confocal microscopy that Pal is exposed on the surface of uncompromised E. coli cells.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Dual orientation of the outer membrane lipoprotein Pal in Escherichia coli

et al. 2015

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Peptidoglycan associated lipoprotein (Pal) of Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a characteristic bacterial lipoprotein, with an N-terminal lipid moiety anchoring it to the outer membrane. Since its discovery over three decades ago, Pal has been well studied for its participation in the TolPal complex which spans the periplasm and has been proposed to play important roles in bacterial survival, pathogenesis and virulence. Previous studies of Pal place the lipoprotein in the periplasm of E. coli, allowing it to interact with Tol proteins and the peptidoglycan layer. Here, we describe for the first time, a subpopulation of Pal which is present on the cell surface of E. coli. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy detect anti-Pal antibodies on the surface of intact E. coli cells. Interestingly, Pal is surface exposed in an 'all or nothing' manner, such that most of the cells contain only internal Pal, with fewer cells (,20 %) exhibiting surface Pal.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Dual orientation of the outer membrane lipoprotein Pal in Escherichia coli

et al. 2015

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“…In a series of studies of E. coli infection, LPS and OM protein-containing bacterial fragments were isolated from the serum of septic rats (52)(53)(54). E. coli cells grown in culture with serum were found to shed OM material with the same composition as the material shed in vivo (55). Several factors indicate that these OM components are actually OM vesicles.…”

Section: Vesiculation Observed During Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virulence and Immunomodulatory Roles of Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles

Ellis

Kuehn

2010

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

807

736

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SUMMARY Outer membrane (OM) vesicles are ubiquitously produced by Gram-negative bacteria during all stages of bacterial growth. OM vesicles are naturally secreted by both pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria. Strong experimental evidence exists to categorize OM vesicle production as a type of Gram-negative bacterial virulence factor. A growing body of data demonstrates an association of active virulence factors and toxins with vesicles, suggesting that they play a role in pathogenesis. One of the most popular and best-studied pathogenic functions for membrane vesicles is to serve as natural vehicles for the intercellular transport of virulence factors and other materials directly into host cells. The production of OM vesicles has been identified as an independent bacterial stress response pathway that is activated when bacteria encounter environmental stress, such as what might be experienced during the colonization of host tissues. Their detection in infected human tissues reinforces this theory. Various other virulence factors are also associated with OM vesicles, including adhesins and degradative enzymes. As a result, OM vesicles are heavily laden with pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), virulence factors, and other OM components that can impact the course of infection by having toxigenic effects or by the activation of the innate immune response. However, infected hosts can also benefit from OM vesicle production by stimulating their ability to mount an effective defense. Vesicles display antigens and can elicit potent inflammatory and immune responses. In sum, OM vesicles are likely to play a significant role in the virulence of Gram-negative bacterial pathogens.

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“…LPS and outer membrane protein-containing bacterial fragments were present in the serum of septic human patients (Brandtzaeg et al 1992) and septic rats (Hellman et al 2000a,b;Hellman and Warren 2001). E. coli grown in culture with serum shed outer membrane material with the same composition as the material found in the human serum (Hellman et al 1997). Several factors identify this outer membrane material as vesicles: They are composed of LPS, they contain outer membrane proteins including OmpA and lipoproteins, they are >0.1 µm in size, and they are stable.…”

Section: Vesicle Production During Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial outer membrane vesicles and the host–pathogen interaction

Kuehn¹,

Kesty²

2005

Genes Dev.

796

725

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Extracellular secretion of products is the major mechanism by which Gram-negative pathogens communicate with and intoxicate host cells. Vesicles released from the envelope of growing bacteria serve as secretory vehicles for proteins and lipids of Gram-negative bacteria. Vesicle production occurs in infected tissues and is influenced by environmental factors. Vesicles play roles in establishing a colonization niche, carrying and transmitting virulence factors into host cells, and modulating host defense and response. Vesicle-mediated toxin delivery is a potent virulence mechanism exhibited by diverse Gram-negative pathogens. The biochemical and functional properties of pathogen-derived vesicles reveal their potential to critically impact disease.In nearly every case, virulence factors of Gram-negative pathogens are secreted products that enhance the survival of the bacteria and/or damage the host. Secretion of virulence factors by Gram-negative pathogens is complicated by the fact that the bacterial envelope consists of two lipid bilayers, the inner and outer membrane, and the periplasm in between. Gram-negative pathogens have developed many strategies, some specific to pathogens, to enable active virulence factors to gain access to the extracellular environment, typically the tissues or bloodstream of the host organism (Henderson et al. 2004). The Type II and Type V secretion systems are two-step processes in which proteins are transported first through the inner membrane (IM) and then through the outer membrane (OM). For secretion via the Type I, Type III, and Type IV secretion systems, the material is transferred directly into the extracellular milieu or into another cell. The Type III system is specific for the transport of factors by pathogenic bacteria. All of these secretion systems secrete individual proteins or small complexes. This review examines secretion via OM vesicles, a distinct "Type VI" mechanism that enables bacteria to secrete a large, complex group of proteins and lipids into the extracellular milieu.Both pathogenic and nonpathogenic species of Gram- Vesicles are a means by which bacteria interact with prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in their environment. Some of the best-characterized vesicles are those produced by pathogens. Biochemical analysis and functional characterization of pathogen-derived outer membrane vesicles demonstrate that this secretory pathway has been usurped by pathogens for the transport of active virulence factors to host cells (Table 1). Naturally produced OM vesicles from pathogenic bacteria contain adhesins, toxins, and immunomodulatory compounds, and they directly mediate bacterial binding and invasion, cause cytotoxicity, and modulate the host immune response. By participating in such diverse aspects of the host-pathogen interaction, OM vesicles are potent bacterial virulence factors. Formation of bacterial OM vesiclesNaturally produced bacterial vesicles are discrete, closed OM blebs produced by growing cells, not products of cell lysis or cell death (Mug-Opstelte...

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Antiserum againstEscherichia coliJ5 Contains Antibodies Reactive with Outer Membrane Proteins of Heterologous Gram‐Negative Bacteria

Cited by 31 publications

References 43 publications

Dual orientation of the outer membrane lipoprotein Pal in Escherichia coli

Dual orientation of the outer membrane lipoprotein Pal in Escherichia coli

Virulence and Immunomodulatory Roles of Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles

Bacterial outer membrane vesicles and the host–pathogen interaction

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