“…This immunodeficient feature made the athymic mice relevant to the study of drug action ( Juul et al, 1992 ) and development ( Kelland, 2004 ), besides cytotoxicity research ( Budzynski and Radzikowski, 1994 ) and several diseases, including autoimmune ( Volpe et al, 1993 ) and cancer ( Szadvari et al, 2016 ). Regarding the latter, this model has been largely applied in distinct contexts associated with neoplasms, including breast ( Osborne et al, 1985 ), colorectal ( Giavazzi et al, 1986 ; da Silva et al, 2022 ), prostate ( van Weerden and Romijn, 2000 ), liver ( Yoysungnoen et al, 2008 ), lung ( Liu et al, 2012 ), pancreatic ( Zhao et al, 2013 ) and neurological cancers ( de Oliveira et al, 2019 ). Therefore, based on the exponential increase in global oncology cost over the last 10 years (2011 = US$ 56 billion; 2021 = US$ 187 billion) ( Statista, 2022 ) and the high cancer mortality rate ( Moss et al, 2020 ), the BALB/c (Nu/Nu) mice have become an important model onto new therapeutics.…”