Antityphoid Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Azadirachta Indica Leaf Extracts

Abstract

Herbal medicines have been known to human for centuries.Practitioners of traditional medicine have described therapeutic efficacy of many indigenous plants for several disorders. This is due to the fact that plants contain many biologically active compounds which have potential for development as medicinal agents [1].Herbal medicines already form the basis of therapeutic use in the developing countries, but of recent, there has been an increase in the use of herbal medicines in the developed world too [2]. It is likely that plants will continue to be a valuable source of new molecules which may, after possible chemical manipulation and provide new and improved drugs [3]. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics represents a serious problem for clinicians and the pharmaceutical industry and great efforts are being made to reverse this trend, and one of them is the widespread screening of medicinal plants from the traditional system of medicine hoping to get some newer, safer, and more effective agents that can be used to fight infectious diseases [4].Enteric fever is a systemic bacterial infection caused by the Gram-negative Salmonella enterica serovar typhi (S. typhi) and the paratyphi serovars A, B and C (S. paratyphi A, B and C) of which S. paratyphi A is most common [5]. Enteric fever is a generic term for infections caused by both S. typhi and S. paratyphi. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever refers to the infections caused by the individual serovars [6]. Throughout this work enteric fever will be mostly used, but in cases focusing on S. typhi infections typhoid fever will also be used. S. typhi has historically been the most common cause of enteric fever but recently there have been several reports on the emergence of enteric fever caused by S. paratyphi A especially in Asia [7,8]. Neem plants (Azadirachta indica) are mostly trees and rarely shrubs that belong to family Maliacea [9]. It is naturalized in most tropical and subtropical countries. It is broad-leaved evergreen that grows up to 30 m tall. The plant has been used for a long time in agriculture and medicine [4]. Neem is the most versatile, multifarious trees of tropics, with immense potential. All parts of the neem tree-leaves, flowers, seeds, fruits, roots and bark have been used traditionally for the treatment of inflammation, infections, fever, skin diseases and dental disorders [10]. The

Characteristics of bioactive molecules with antioxidant and biological activities of some medicinal and edible plants

“…indica leaf extract against S. aureus and E. coli stains and found lower antimicrobial activity with higher MIC results estimated at 1.562 mg/mL against both strains. Additionally, Ali et al [356] found a lower antimicrobial activity of A. indica extract against S. paratyphi strain (12.5 mg/mL). AVL (1% and 5%, v/v) showed better antiproliferative activity against the three cancer cell lines tested than AVF (1% and 5%, v/v).…”