Aortic Augmentation Index: Reference Values in a Large Unselected Population by Means of the SphygmoCor Device

Janner, Julie; Godtfredsen, Nina; Ladelund, Steen; Vestbo, Jørgen; Prescott, Eva

doi:10.1038/ajh.2009.234

Cited by 105 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…AIx has a curvilinear increase with age, and after approximately 60 years of age the AIx levels of and reaches a plateau. 6,7 This curve shape could indicate a decrease in pulse wave reflection in the elderly. 28 However, Namasivayam and co-workers 29 hypothesised that the attenuation of AIx is due to a larger contribution of the incident pressure wave to the increasing pulse pressure with age and not a decrease in pulse wave reflection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In the light of the earlier reported curvilinear association between AIx and age with AIx reaching a plateau after approximately 60 years of age 6,7 and the higher AIx in women, 24 we chose to analyse for interaction by age using age as a dichotomous variable in the interaction terms (young o60 years; old X60 years) in gender-separated analyses. Finally four models stratified by age (young/old) and gender were analysed and age, heart rate and height were included in every model.…”

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,4 However, concerns have been raised as to whether AIx is a reliable measurement of vascular compliance in the elderly 5,6 due to the curvilinear association between AIx and age. 6,7 Interestingly, findings have been contradictory regarding AIx as predictor of CVD where AIx has been associated with increased risk of CVD in highrisk populations 8,9 and in men, 10,11 while its use as a predictor in women 12,13 and in the general population is less certain. 13,14 The association between AIx and traditional CVD risk factors has been analysed in several studies with different methodology and various findings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The association between aortic augmentation index and cardiovascular risk factors in a large unselected population

et al. 2011

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The augmentation index (AIx) is a measure of systemic arterial stiffness, and previous studies have demonstrated an association between AIx and risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, there is limited knowledge about the age and gender differences of the observed associations. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to examine the association's consistency at different ages and to see if the associations are the same in men and women. This study is based on 3432 subjects from The Copenhagen City Heart Study, a prospective epidemiological survey of a representative population in Denmark. All subjects had AIx measured non-invasively by the SphygmoCor device (SphygmoCor, West Ryde, Australia). To analyse the association between AIx and CVD risk factors multiple linear regression analyses were used stratified by gender and age.The main determinants of AIx were age, heart rate, height and systolic blood pressure in both age groups with few gender differences. Associations between AIx and cardiovascular risk factors further differed by age: In young subjects AIx was associated with cholesterol, high-sensitive C-reactive protein, current smoking, low weight, poor education and physical inactivity, whereas in subjects above age 60 AIx was associated with weight and current smoking in men. We found a modest association between AIx and traditional CVD risk factors and the association attenuated in subjects 460 years. Further longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether AIx is primarily a marker of CVD in younger subjects.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Statistical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The association between aortic augmentation index and cardiovascular risk factors in a large unselected population

et al. 2011

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“…In previously published papers it was pointed on the correlations of AIx and PWV with age, as well as with blood pressure [1,2]. Therefore, we analysed the association of these parameters.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Age and blood pressure were found to have the greatest impact on them. It opens www.ah.viamedica.pl the way to the development of equations that accurately predict the values of pulse wave velocity [1] and augmentation index [2]. As a result, the reference values of the central pulse wave for many ethnic groups in Europe such as the Dutch, French, Danes, Britons, Belgians, Greeks, Czechs and Italians were obtained.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementation of the “Vascular Age Index” for the interpretation of applanation tonometry

Lozinsky

2015

Arterial Hypertension

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SummaryBackground The application of pulse wave analysis in clinical practice is significantly limited due to the difficulties with evaluation of obtained data. The aim of the study was to propose the new index named "Vascular Age Index" for the improvement and simplification of pulse wave analysis. Material and methods We examined male and female persons aged from 25 to 76. 128 normotensive participants (the control group, CG) and 150 patients with essential hypertension (EH) were subdivided into subgroups of 25-44, 45-64 and 65 or more years. Each of them included 50 patients. The exception was the oldest subgroup of CG consisting of 28 persons. All participants underwent office blood pressure measurement by automatic blood pressure monitor "Omron 3" and pulse wave analysis carried out with «Sphygmocor XCEL» equipment (AtCor Medical, Australia). Besides common parameters of pulse wave such as augmentation index (AIx) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) the new indicator -"Vascular Age Index" was determined in all persons by the formula: VAI (year)= PWV × AIx ÷ 20. Results All studied parameters of pulse wave showed strong relationship with age, but the relationship of VAI with age was superior in its strength and significance. It was especially strong (r = 0.90; p < 0.001) in normotensive patients. The values of VAI obtained in subjects of the control group were approaching to the calendar age, and in patients with hypertension -often exceeded it. Conclusions Our data confirmed the relationship between AIx and PWV on the one hand, and age and blood pressure on the other. It was shown that in patients of 25-44 years pathological changes of central pulse wave parameters could serve as an additional argument for the diagnosis of hypertension. VAI significantly simplifies the interpretation of central pulse wave study and increases the compliance. Moreover, the diagnostic accuracy of VAI application is rather high. Thus, the implementation of VAI in the routine practice may be recommended. key words: applanation tonometry, pulse wave analysis, vascular age index

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Arterial stiffness indices in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A meta‐analysis

Christoforidis

Georeli

Dimitriadou

et al. 2022

Diabetes Metabolism Res

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Aims Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents the most frequent cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Our aim was to review the evidence and conduct a meta‐analysis assessing measures of arterial stiffness by pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AIx) in children and adolescents with T1DM compared to healthy controls. Methods PubMed and the Cochrane Library were searched for relevant studies published up to 10 May 2021. Results Twenty‐one studies were finally included in the meta‐analysis. The T1DM group had significantly higher carotid to femoral PWV levels than that of the control group (mean difference [d]: 0.53 CI: 0.35–0.71, P < 0.00001) but with a fair heterogeneity (I 2:73%). By omitting one study with marked heterogeneity, mean difference in cfPWV remained significantly increased in the T1DM group compared to the control group (mean difference [d]: 0.37 CI: 0.27–0.48, P < 0.00001) but with improved heterogeneity (I2 = 26%). Regarding Aix, the T1DM group had a significantly higher AI@75 index than that of the control group (mean difference [d]: 0.28 CI: 0.17–0.39, P < 0.00001) and with no heterogeneity (I 2 = 8%). Conclusions Youths with T1DM show increased arterial stiffness, either as increased carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocity or increased augmentation index, early in their course of life compared to healthy controls. PROSPERO registration number CRD42021253236

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Aortic Augmentation Index: Reference Values in a Large Unselected Population by Means of the SphygmoCor Device

Abstract: We report a novel and internally validated gender-specific equation including age, heart rate, and height to calculate reference values for AIx.

Cited by 105 publications

References 27 publications

The association between aortic augmentation index and cardiovascular risk factors in a large unselected population

The association between aortic augmentation index and cardiovascular risk factors in a large unselected population

Implementation of the “Vascular Age Index” for the interpretation of applanation tonometry

Arterial stiffness indices in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: A meta‐analysis

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