The gold standard for treating metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) has evolved rapidly in the past decade based on completed phase 3 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of doublets showing that androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in combination with docetaxel (ADT-D), reported first in the CHAARTED trial, and later with multiple androgen-receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSIs) were superior to ADT alone in improving the time to progression and prolonging life. [1][2][3][4][5] More recently, the PEACE-1 and ARASENS trials showed a similar overall survival (OS) benefit with a triplet regimen of ADT, docetaxel, and either abiraterone (ADT-D-AA) or darolutamide (ADT-D-Daro), the latter drug first approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for nonmetastatic castration-resistant disease. 6,7 In both trials, the triplet was superior to ADT-D, with ADT-D-Daro established as an US Food and Drug Administration-approved standard of care for mHSPC. Not formally studied was whether the triplet regimen confers a similar progression-free survival and OS advantage to an ADT-ARSI doublet, the more broadly used treatment in contemporary practice due to a more favorable safety profile and ease of administration.In this issue of JAMA Oncology, Riaz et al report the results of a "living" systematic review using the aggregate data from 10 identified RCTs that collectively enrolled a total of 11 043 patients, including those in the previously cited studies, for inclusion in a meta-analysis and network meta-analysis. 8 The direct comparative meta-analysis of 8 of these trials showed that an ARSI-based doublet was associated with a considerably greater OS benefit than a docetaxelbased doublet when compared with ADT alone. The result corroborates the academic consensus opinion favoring doublet selection reported in the Advanced Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference in 2021 and supports the recent removal of ADT-D as a first-line therapy for mHSPC in the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines. 9,10 Going further and most notable in the overall population was the finding that mixed treatment comparisons of triplets with ADT-D-AA or ADT-D-Daro were not associated with an OS advantage compared with an ADT doublet with either apalutamide, enzalutamide, or abiraterone. This lack of association extended to progression-free survival, where there was no statistically significant improvement with an abiraterone-based triplet regimen relative to an enzalutamide-or apalutamide-based doublet, even when patients who received docetaxel in the EN-ZAMET, ARCHES, and TITAN trials were excluded, or disease burden classified as high or low volume based on the number of lesions on a radionuclide bone scan was considered, and the
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