Apamin Enhances Neurite Outgrowth and Regeneration after Laceration Injury in Cortical Neurons

Kim, Hyunseong; Hong, Jongbae; Lee, Junseon; Jeon, Wan-Jin; Ha, In‐Hyuk

doi:10.3390/toxins13090603

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…This study builds on previous work in which BV and its major components (bvPLA2, melittin, and apamin) demonstrated a neuroprotective effect on neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and multiple sclerosis, as well as on neurite outgrowth and regeneration after cortical neuron injury [ 28 , 38 , 39 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

“…These two major components of BV showed a minor effect on re-innervation in contrast to the whole bee venom. This can be explained by the involvement of other BV molecules in the regeneration process such as apamin that accelerate neurite outgrowth and axon regeneration after a laceration injury in vitro [ 28 ]. It was found that the whole BV and melittin are efficient in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced neuropathy [ 52 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conversely, other BV compounds may have other activities, such as apamin, which can improve neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity by blocking calcium-activated K+ channels in Alzheimer’s disease [ 27 ]. Recently, its neuroprotective effects on cortical neurons have been reported with limited information on the underlying mechanism [ 28 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Beneficial Effect of Bee Venom and Its Major Components on Facial Nerve Injury Induced in Mice

et al. 2023

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Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is a health problem that affects many people worldwide. This study is the first to evaluate the potential effect of bee venom (BV) and its major components in a model of PNI in the mouse. For that, the BV used in this study was analyzed using UHPLC. All animals underwent a distal section-suture of facial nerve branches, and they were randomly divided into five groups. Group 1: injured facial nerve branches without any treatment. Group 2: the facial nerve branches were injured, and the normal saline was injected similarly as in the BV-treated group. Group 3: injured facial nerve branches with local injections of BV solution. Group 4: injured facial nerve branches with local injections of a mixture of PLA2 and melittin. Group 5: injured facial nerve branches with local injection of betamethasone. The treatment was performed three times a week for 4 weeks. The animals were submitted to functional analysis (observation of whisker movement and quantification of nasal deviation). The vibrissae muscle re-innervation was evaluated by retrograde labeling of facial motoneurons in all experimental groups. UHPLC data showed 76.90 ± 0.13%, 11.73 ± 0.13%, and 2.01 ± 0.01%, respectively, for melittin, phospholipase A2, and apamin in the studied BV sample. The obtained results showed that BV treatment was more potent than the mixture of PLA2 and melittin or betamethasone in behavioral recovery. The whisker movement occurred faster in BV-treated mice than in the other groups, with a complete disappearance of nasal deviation two weeks after surgery. Morphologically, a normal fluorogold labeling of the facial motoneurons was restored 4 weeks after surgery in the BV-treated group, but no such restoration was ever observed in other groups. Our findings indicate the potential of the use of BV injections to enhance appropriate functional and neuronal outcomes after PNI.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Beneficial Effect of Bee Venom and Its Major Components on Facial Nerve Injury Induced in Mice

et al. 2023

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“…Further, it gains indirect support by the notion that mellitin, another related bee venom, enhances wound healing [ 34 , 37 ]. In addition, apamin has been shown to enhance the regeneration of injured cortical neurons in vitro [ 38 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Nanoconjugate of Apamin and Ceftriaxone for Management of Diabetic Wounds

Alamoudi

Alharbi

Abdel-Naim

et al. 2022

Life

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Diabetic hyperglycemia delays wound healing, leading to serious consequences. Topical antibiotics can reduce the risk of a wound infection during healing; nevertheless, the microbial fight against antibiotics brings about public health challenges. Anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) belong to a novel class of drug that is used to prevent and treat systemic and topical infections. The aim of the current work was to achieve better wound healing in diabetic rats by conjugating the anti-microbial peptide “apamin” (APA) with the broad-spectrum antibiotic “ceftriaxone” (CTX) to form a nanocomplex. The CTX–APA nanoconjugate formulation was optimized using a Box–Behnken design. The optimized CTX–APA nanoconjugate formulation was evaluated for its size and zeta potential, and was then examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The CTX–APA nanoconjugate was loaded onto a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (2% w/v)-based hydrogel. It was observed that the application of the CTX–APA nanocomplex on the wounded skin of diabetic rats accelerated the regeneration of the epithelium, granulation tissue formation, epidermal proliferation, and keratinization. The nanocomplex was capable of significantly reducing the expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), while increasing the expression of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) as well as the angiogenic markers: hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Conclusively, the application of an ion-paired CTX–APA nanocomplex enhances wound healing in diabetic rats.

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“…The above results showed that MEL could be a candidate agent for neurodegenerative disorders ( Cong Duc and Lee, 2021 ). Apamin enhanced neurite outgrowth and axon regeneration after laceration injury, and increased the expression of BDNF, nerve growth factor (NGF) and regeneration-related genes in mature cortical neurons ( Kim H. et al, 2021 ). Apamin inhibited LPS-induced neuroinflammatory responses in BV2 and rat primary microglial cells.…”

Section: Effects On Neurological Disordersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacological effects and mechanisms of bee venom and its main components: Recent progress and perspective

Shi

Xie²,

Yang³

et al. 2022

Front. Pharmacol.

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Bee venom (BV), a type of defensive venom, has been confirmed to have favorable activities, such as anti-tumor, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-infectivity effects, etc. This study reviewed the recent progress on the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of BV and its main components against cancer, neurological disorders, inflammatory diseases, pain, microbial diseases, liver, kidney, lung and muscle injury, and other diseases in literature during the years 2018–2021. The related target proteins of BV and its main components against the diseases include Akt, mTOR, JNK, Wnt-5α, HIF-1α, NF-κB, JAK2, Nrf2, BDNF, Smad2/3, AMPK, and so on, which are referring to PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin, HIF-1α, NF-κB, JAK/STAT, Nrf2/HO-1, TrkB/CREB/BDNF, TGF-β/Smad2/3, and AMPK signaling pathways, etc. Further, with the reported targets, the potential effects and mechanisms on diseases were bioinformatically predicted via Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, disease ontology semantic and enrichment (DOSE) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analyses. This review provides new insights into the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of BV and its main components on diseases.

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Apamin Enhances Neurite Outgrowth and Regeneration after Laceration Injury in Cortical Neurons

Cited by 8 publications

References 22 publications

Beneficial Effect of Bee Venom and Its Major Components on Facial Nerve Injury Induced in Mice

Beneficial Effect of Bee Venom and Its Major Components on Facial Nerve Injury Induced in Mice

Novel Nanoconjugate of Apamin and Ceftriaxone for Management of Diabetic Wounds

Pharmacological effects and mechanisms of bee venom and its main components: Recent progress and perspective

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