“…Fresh water, including springs (Sudarmadji, Suprayogi, Widyastuti, & Harini, 2011) and lakes, accounts for only 2.5% of the water on Earth (Belessiotis, Kalogirou, & Delyannis, 2016). Unfortunately, fresh water is decreasing with an increase in consumption and climate change (Distefano & Kelly, 2017), compounded with breakthroughs of salt water into freshwater aquifers (Nugraha, Marwan, & Muhni, 2019). Because there is a substantial quantity of seawater, it is considered a potential source of fresh water, particularly in countries with a long coastline or that are islands, though it must first be processed using seawater desalination (Chen, Liu, Xue, Yang, & Zhang, 2015).…”