Apolipoprotein B and Cardiovascular Disease: Biomarker and Potential Therapeutic Target

Behbodikhah, Jennifer; Ahmed, Saman; Elyasi, Ailin; Kasselman, Lora J.; Leon, Joshua De; Glass, Amy D.; Reiss, Allison B.

doi:10.3390/metabo11100690

Cited by 154 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 275 publications

(306 reference statements)

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“…Experiments showed that RBIR values for PA decreased when HDL/LDL ratio was lower, indicating a reduction in HDL and/or an increase in LDL. Lower HDL/LDL ratios are a well-known marker of cardiovascular disease risk [52,53]. Thus, PA indicates that obese patients have significantly lower HDL/LDL ratios and, presumably, a higher cardiovascular disease risk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Erythrocyte Membrane Nanomechanical Rigidity Is Decreased in Obese Patients

Sot

García-Arribas

Abad

et al. 2022

IJMS

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This work intends to describe the physical properties of red blood cell (RBC) membranes in obese adults. The hypothesis driving this research is that obesity, in addition to increasing the amount of body fat, will also modify the lipid composition of membranes in cells other than adipocytes. Forty-nine control volunteers (16 male, 33 female, BMI 21.8 ± 5.6 and 21.5 ±4.2 kg/m2, respectively) and 52 obese subjects (16 male and 36 female, BMI 38.2±11.0 and 40.7±8.7 kg/m2, respectively) were examined. The two physical techniques applied were atomic force microscopy (AFM) in the force spectroscopy mode, which allows the micromechanical measurement of penetration forces, and fluorescence anisotropy of trimethylammonium diphenylhexatriene (TMA-DPH), which provides information on lipid order at the membrane polar–nonpolar interface. These techniques, in combination with lipidomic studies, revealed a decreased rigidity in the interfacial region of the RBC membranes of obese as compared to control patients, related to parallel changes in lipid composition. Lipidomic data show an increase in the cholesterol/phospholipid mole ratio and a decrease in sphingomyelin contents in obese membranes. ω-3 fatty acids (e.g., docosahexaenoic acid) appear to be less prevalent in obese patient RBCs, and this is the case for both the global fatty acid distribution and for the individual major lipids in the membrane phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylserine (PS). Moreover, some ω-6 fatty acids (e.g., arachidonic acid) are increased in obese patient RBCs. The switch from ω-3 to ω-6 lipids in obese subjects could be a major factor explaining the higher interfacial fluidity in obese patient RBC membranes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Erythrocyte Membrane Nanomechanical Rigidity Is Decreased in Obese Patients

Sot

García-Arribas

Abad

et al. 2022

IJMS

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“…The accumulation in the vascular endothelium of LDL particles enriched with cholesterol and lipoproteins that include ApoB is characteristic of ATS. All main atherogenic lipoproteins contain ApoB, which is an essential protein element [ 48 ]. Three mutations in the APOB-100 gene that determine ApoB-100’s lower affinity for receptors have been described using a molecular genetic technique [ 47 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Polymorphisms in a Familial Hypercholesterolemia Population from North-Eastern Europe

Maștaleru

Cojocariu

Oancea

et al. 2022

JPM

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(1) Background: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is one of the most prevalent inherited metabolic disorders. The purpose of the study was to investigate the role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) of PAI-1, ACE, ApoB-100, MTHFR A1298C, and C677T. (2) Methods: From a group of 1499 patients, we included 52 patients diagnosed with FH phenotype and 17 patients in a control group. (3) Results: Most of the FH patients had multiple comorbidities compared to the control group, such as atherosclerosis (48.1% vs. 17.6%), atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD 32.7% vs. 11.8%), and metabolic syndrome (MetS, 40.4% vs. 11.8%). In total, 66.7% of the FH patients had PAI-1 4G/5G genotype and MetS. Between 4G/5G and 4G/4G, a statistically significant difference was observed (p = 0.013). FH patients with ApoB R3500Q polymorphism were correlated with ASCVD (p = 0.031). Both MTHFR C677T and A1298C polymorphisms had a significant correlation with gender, alcohol consumption, and smoking status. ACE polymorphism was associated with ATS in FH patients, statistically significant differences being observed between heterozygous and homozygous D genotype (p = 0.036) as well as between heterozygous and homozygous I genotype (p = 0.021). (4) Conclusions: A link between these polymorphisms was demonstrated in the FH group for ATS, ASCVD, and MetS.

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“…Indeed, both apoB48 and apoB100 are found in human aortic atherosclerotic plaques, indicating that TGRLs are involved in the formation of atherosclerotic plaque ( Nakano et al, 2008 ; Behbodikhah et al, 2021 ). Furthermore, the majority of apoB proteins isolated from human atherosclerotic plaques are derived from VLDL and IDL, but not LDL, suggesting that VLDL and IDL play a key atherosclerotic role in the intima of the arteries ( Rapp et al, 1994 ; Proctor and Mamo, 1998 ; Castillo-Núñez et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Tgrl and Atherosclerosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Triglyceride and Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins in Atherosclerosis

Zhang

Yin

Qiao

et al. 2022

Front. Mol. Biosci.

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Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still the leading cause of death globally, and atherosclerosis is the main pathological basis of CVDs. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a strong causal factor of atherosclerosis. However, the first-line lipid-lowering drugs, statins, only reduce approximately 30% of the CVD risk. Of note, atherosclerotic CVD (ASCVD) cannot be eliminated in a great number of patients even their LDL-C levels meet the recommended clinical goals. Previously, whether the elevated plasma level of triglyceride is causally associated with ASCVD has been controversial. Recent genetic and epidemiological studies have demonstrated that triglyceride and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TGRL) are the main causal risk factors of the residual ASCVD. TGRLs and their metabolites can promote atherosclerosis via modulating inflammation, oxidative stress, and formation of foam cells. In this article, we will make a short review of TG and TGRL metabolism, display evidence of association between TG and ASCVD, summarize the atherogenic factors of TGRLs and their metabolites, and discuss the current findings and advances in TG-lowering therapies. This review provides information useful for the researchers in the field of CVD as well as for pharmacologists and clinicians.

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Apolipoprotein B and Cardiovascular Disease: Biomarker and Potential Therapeutic Target

Cited by 154 publications

References 275 publications

Erythrocyte Membrane Nanomechanical Rigidity Is Decreased in Obese Patients

Erythrocyte Membrane Nanomechanical Rigidity Is Decreased in Obese Patients

Genetic Polymorphisms in a Familial Hypercholesterolemia Population from North-Eastern Europe

Triglyceride and Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins in Atherosclerosis

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