Apolipoprotein B and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Position Statement from the AACC Lipoproteins and Vascular Diseases Division Working Group on Best Practices

Contois, John H.; McConnell, Joseph P.; Sethi, Amar A.; Csákó, György; Devaraj, Sridevi; Hoefner, Daniel M.; Warnick, G. Russell

doi:10.1373/clinchem.2008.118356

Cited by 295 publications

(241 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…Recent reviews have established the superiority of non-HDL-C and ApoB over LDL-C in predicting CVD risk in epidemiological studies [35] and in randomized trials of patients on statin treatment [40]. Non-HDL-C has been recommended by previous ATP III guidelines as a secondary target of therapy and to be used to assess risk in patients with elevated TG levels [>200 mg/dl (>2.26 mmol/l)] [1,2], with the latter confirmed by a subsequent study comparing non-HDL-C to direct and calculated LDL-C using 8 different assays [4].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Concerns also exist about the reliability of non-HDL-C measurements, as a result of problems with direct HDL-C measurements [29]. Alternatively, Apo B and its association with CVD risk have been recognized [39,40], reportedly performing better than LDL-C in hypertriglyercedaemic patients [35,41] and as an index of LDL-lowering therapy [39]. The Hattori formula for LDL-C (0.94TC -0.94HDL-C -0.19 x TG) was developed to estimate LDL-Apo B and small dense LDL from blood cholesterol, TG, HDL-C and in this way be more accurate in patients with cardiovascular co-morbidities and dyslipidemias.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of equations for the calculation of LDL-cholesterol in hospitalized patients

Martins

Olorunju

Murray

et al. 2015

Clinica Chimica Acta

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Highlights• We evaluated the Friedewald Equation and three other recently developed formulae.• The de Cordova, Chen & Hattori formulae were used in patients with co-morbidities.• More than 14 000 lipid profiles were compared with direct measurement of LDL-C.• The Hattori formula showed the best performance over all lipid values.• Alternative formulae should be implemented in hospitalized patients. Conclusions: We observe favorable correlations of the de Cordova formula withFriedewald at low TG values. However, the Hattori formula appears to be best for application in hospitalized patients, even at extreme lipid values.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of equations for the calculation of LDL-cholesterol in hospitalized patients

Martins

Olorunju

Murray

et al. 2015

Clinica Chimica Acta

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“…Further trials disclosed that a lowering of plasma total cholesterol by 10 % and of LDL cholesterol by 40 mg/dl are followed by a 25 % and 20 % reduction in CHD incidence, respectively (Baigent et al , 2005 ). Therefore, currently LDL levels are the most common marker in determining cardiovascular risk and LDL particles are the most desired target of hypercholesterolemia therapy (Contoids et al , 2009 ;Sandeep and Davidson , 2011 ). Elevated LDL cholesterol levels are a result of perturbations in its metabolism (Toutouzas et al , 2010 ).…”

Section: Current Strategies For Lowering Cholesterol Level In Bloodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Squalene monooxygenase – a target for hypercholesterolemic therapy

Belter¹,

Skupińska²,

Giel-Pietraszuk

et al. 2011

BCHM

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Squalene monooxygenase catalyzes the epoxidation of C-C double bond of squalene to yield 2,3-oxidosqualene, the key step of sterol biosynthesis pathways in eukaryotes. Sterols are essential compounds of these organisms and squalene epoxidation is an important regulatory point in their synthesis. Squalene monooxygenase downregulation in vertebrates and fungi decreases synthesis of cholesterol and ergosterol, respectively, which makes squalene monooxygenase a potent and attractive target of hypercholesterolemia and antifungal therapies. Currently some fungal squalene monooxygenase inhibitors (terbinafi ne, naftifi ne, butenafi ne) are in clinical use, whereas mammalian enzymes ' inhibitors are still under investigation. Research on new squalene monooxygenase inhibitors is important due to the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia and the lack of both suffi cient and safe remedies. In this paper we (i) review data on activity and the structure of squalene monooxygenase, (ii) present its inhibitors, (iii) compare current strategies of lowering cholesterol level in blood with some of the most promising strategies, (iv) underline advantages of squalene monooxygenase as a target for hypercholesterolemia therapy, and (v) discuss safety concerns about hypercholesterolemia therapy based on inhibition of cellular cholesterol biosynthesis and potential usage of squalene monooxygenase inhibitors in clinical practice. After many years of use of statins there is some clinical evidence for their adverse effects and only partial effectiveness. Currently they are drugs of choice but are used with many restrictions, especially in case of children, elderly patients and women of childbearing potential. Certainly, for the next few years, statins will continue to be a suitable tool for cost-effective cardiovascular prevention; however research on new hypolipidemic drugs is highly desirable. We suggest that squalene monooxygenase inhibitors could become the hypocholesterolemic agents of the future.

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“…As TRL and LDL particles contain a single molecule of apolipoprotein B (ApoB), the concentration of ApoB in plasma provides a measure of the concentration of all potentially atherogenic lipoproteins and thus may be a better indicator of cardiovascular risk than the simple measurement of LDLcholesterol [7][8][9][10]. This may be particularly important for people with type 2 diabetes, who tend to have increased concentrations of atherogenic TRL and small LDL particles, such that the LDL-cholesterol concentration no longer reflects the particle concentration of LDL [1,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ability of traditional lipid ratios and apolipoprotein ratios to predict cardiovascular risk in people with type 2 diabetes

et al. 2010

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Aims/hypothesis The apolipoprotein B (ApoB):apolipoprotein A (ApoA)-I ratio may be a better indicator of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in people with type 2 diabetes than traditional lipid risk markers (LDL-cholesterol, HDLcholesterol and triacylglycerol), but whether the ApoB: ApoA-I ratio should be used to indicate lipid-lowering therapy is still debated. Methods The Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study randomised 9,795 patients with type 2 diabetes to fenofibrate (200 mg daily) or placebo and followed them up for a median of 5 years. We compared ApoB, ApoA-I, ApoAII and the ApoB:ApoA-I ratio with traditional lipid variables as predictors of CVD risk. We estimated the HR of the effect of 1 SD difference in baseline concentrations of lipids, apolipoproteins and respective ratios on the risk of CVD events and also used receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Results In the placebo group, the variables best predicting CVD events were non-HDL-cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol, total cholesterol:HDL-cholesterol (HR 1.21, p<0.001 for both), ApoB:ApoA-I (HR 1.20, p<0.001), LDL-cholesterol:HDLcholesterol (HR 1.17, p<0.001), HDL-cholesterol (HR 0.84, p<0.001) and ApoA-I (HR 0.85, p<0.001). In the fenofibrate group, the first four predictors were very similar (but ApoB: ApoA-I was fourth), followed by non-HDL-cholesterol and ApoB. Lipid ratios and ApoB:ApoA-I performed better than any single lipid or apolipoprotein in predicting CVD risk. Conclusions/interpretation In patients with type 2 diabetes in the FIELD study, traditional lipid ratios were as strong as the ApoB:ApoA-I ratio in predicting CVD risk. The data provide little evidence for replacement of traditional lipids and their ratios with measures of ApoB, ApoA-I and their ratio.

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Apolipoprotein B and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Position Statement from the AACC Lipoproteins and Vascular Diseases Division Working Group on Best Practices

Cited by 295 publications

References 97 publications

Comparison of equations for the calculation of LDL-cholesterol in hospitalized patients

Comparison of equations for the calculation of LDL-cholesterol in hospitalized patients

Squalene monooxygenase – a target for hypercholesterolemic therapy

Ability of traditional lipid ratios and apolipoprotein ratios to predict cardiovascular risk in people with type 2 diabetes

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