Apollo 11 Soil Mechanics Investigation

Costes, N. C.; Carrier, W. David; Mitchell, James K.; Scott, Ronald F.

doi:10.1126/science.167.3918.739

Cited by 43 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…For lunar regolith breccias a typical porosity of 25 ± 7% was found (Warren, 2001, and references therein). However, since sputtering probes the topmost surface it is more appropriate to use the porosity from cores, which is between 46 and 57% (Costes et al, 1970). Note that porosity values up to 80% have been reported (Kaula, 1968).…”

Section: Exospheric Densities From Sputteringmentioning

confidence: 97%

The lunar exosphere: The sputtering contribution

Würz

Rohner

Whitby

et al. 2007

Icarus

159

174

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Section: Exospheric Densities From Sputteringmentioning

confidence: 97%

The lunar exosphere: The sputtering contribution

Würz

Rohner

Whitby

et al. 2007

Icarus

159

174

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“…7). These activities have been well documented (Costes, Carrier, Mitchell & Scott, 1970;Scott, Carrier, Costes & Mitchell, 1971;Mitchell, Bromwell, Carrier, Costes & Scott, 1972) in reports and papers that will go unread until lunar bases are actively planned, if, indeed, they are employed even at that future time.…”

Section: Failures On Other Planetsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Failure

Scott

1987

Géotechnique

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Failure: an ill-coined and late word'-Skeat, An etymological dictionary of the English language, 1893 The Pennsylvania Disaster (1889 Johnstown Flood) by William McGonagall, Scottish poet and tragedian "Twas in the year of 1889, and in the month of June, Ten thousand people met with a fearful doom, By the busting of a dam in Pennsylvania State, And were burned and drowned by the flood-Oh pity their fate! The embankment of the dam was considered rather weak, And by the swelled body of water the embankment did break, And burst o'er the valley like a leaping river, Which caused the spectators with fear to shiver .' An attempt is made to classify geotechnical failures, and these are illustrated by several examples. The experiences involved in trying to obtain remotely the properties of the granular material on the moon and Mars are summarized. Descriptions are given of several landslides in southern California hut which have aspects in common with other landslide events in other parts of the world. The failure of two dams is discussed briefly. The problem of fault rupture as a hazard in its own right, apart from the associated generation of strong ground motion, is treated from the points of view both of faulting mechanics and also the effect of the displacements on structures. Methods of analysis including the finite element and finite difference techniques are considered with respect to the examination of failures. Discussion of the constitutive relations used in such methods is given, especially regarding stable and unstable material behaviour. Since the propagation of slip or rupture surfaces is important in many of the examples, emphasis is given to the implementation of numerical approaches in which unstable material behaviour can be employed, and which can give rise to the generation of slip surfaces or zones. Examples are given of the results of a discrete element method and the use of dynamic relaxation with the finite difference technique applied to some typical problems such as embankments, slopes and punch indentation. Attention is finally given to the questions raised in the design of structures, and the analysis and use of failures in this regard. Plusieurs examples de ruptures gkotechniques sont cit&s en vue de les classifier. Des expitriences sont d&rites dont le but 6tait d'obtenir i distance les propri&s des matkriaux pulvCrulents sur la lune et sur Mars. Des descriptions sont donnks de plusieurs glissements de terrain qui ont eu lieu en Californiedu Sud mais qui avaient des ressemblances avec d'autres survenues ailleurs dans le monde. La rupture de deux barrages est discutCe briivement. Le problhme de la rupture par faille analysi? comme risque proprement dit, indCpendamment du resultat de fort mouvement du terrain, est traiti! au point de vue de la mC?canique des failles et aussi de I'effet des dkplacements sur les constructions. Les mCthodes analytiques, y compris les techniques P Clkments finis et i diffirences finies sont trait&s en fonction de leur application i I'Ctude des ruptures. Les relat...

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“…The particle-size distribution within these size ranges is unknown. The typical lunar regolith particlesize distribution has been measured to have a median at ∼70-100 μm with ∼10% of the material smaller than 10 μm, and near-surface packing density of ∼50% (McKay et al 1991, Costes et al 1970. The sample material with larger particle sizes fits well in the lunar particle-size region.…”

Section: Sample Materialsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Laboratory studies into the effect of regolith on planetary X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy

Näränen

Parviainen²,

Muinonen³

et al. 2008

Icarus

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Laboratory studies into the effect of regolith on planetary X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Icarus, Elsevier, 2008, 198 (2) This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPTLaboratory studies into the effect of regolith on planetary X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT AbstractIn the analysis of X-ray fluorescence spectra from planetary surfaces, it is traditionally assumed that the observed surface is a plane-parallel, smooth, and homogeneous medium. The spectral and spatial resolutions of the instruments that have been used to measure X-ray emission from planetary surfaces to date have been such that this has been a reasonable assumption, but a new generation of X-ray spectrometers will provide enhanced spectral and spatial resolutions when compared with previous instrumentation. In light of these improvements in performance, it is important to assess how the requirements on the methodology of analysis of spectra may change when the surface is considered as a regolith. At other wavelengths, varying physical properties of planetary regoliths, such as the packing density, are known to have an effect on the observed signal as a function of viewing geometry. In this paper, the results from laboratory X-ray fluorescence measurements of regolith analogue materials at different viewing geometries are presented. Characteristic properties of the regolith such as particle sizes and packing density are found to affect the measured elemental line ratios. A semiempirical function is introduced as a tool for fitting fluorescent line intensity dependences as a function of viewing geometry. The importance of the results is discussed and recommendations are made for the future analysis of planetary X-ray fluorescence data.

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Apollo 11 Soil Mechanics Investigation

Cited by 43 publications

References 3 publications

The lunar exosphere: The sputtering contribution

The lunar exosphere: The sputtering contribution

Failure

Laboratory studies into the effect of regolith on planetary X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy

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