APP/SOD1 overexpressing mice present reduced neuropathic pain sensitivity

A systematic review of animal models for experimental neuroma

“…20,43,44 Data on the level where biopsies of the nerve and the neuroma are taken and analysed are heterogeneous and often missing, preventing appropriate comparison of results: Chim et al 16 Haematoxylin and eosin 16,18e20,36,50,37,40,49 and toluidine blue 10,18,22,32,45,46,24,19,25,27,30,38,43,44 are the most commonly used stains; some studies also use Masson's thricome, 10,20,37 which also allows the labelling of the connective tissue. 70 This is sometimes combined with immunolabelling, the most common targets being S100 protein, 16,25e27,43 neurofilament 200 (NF200), 10,25,30,37,38 neuronal growthassociated protein (GAP)-43, 20,24,43,44 macrophages (ED-1), 20,27,28,43 nerve growth factor (NGF) 27 and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). 24,28,30 Double staining has also been reported to identify axons of different origin.…”

“…Morphological analysis is the most commonly used method, usually performed in light, 18,22,24,26,27,29,45,46,32,34,50,36,38,43,44,49,19,20,47,39,49 electron, 10,30,32,50,36,40 fluorescence 19,37,38,40 or confocal laser microscopy. 20,43,44 Data on the level where biopsies of the nerve and the neuroma are taken and analysed are heterogeneous and often missing, preventing appropriate comparison of results: Chim et al 16 Haematoxylin and eosin 16,18e20,36,50,37,40,49 and toluidine blue 10,18,22,32,45,46,24,19,25,27,30,38,43,…”

“…'Autotomy' (the tendency to attack the anaesthetic limb 35 ) is a common evaluation method for terminal neuromas, 10,17,19e21,25,27,31,32,34,35,42e44 and it is less used for NIC, 43,44 probably because it occurs more frequently in protocols using ligation or transection (as in most NIC models) than in the crush injury (as in most terminal neuroma models) (Ref. 42;Obata et al, 2003).…”

“…16,31,34,51 Models of NIC are less numerous, and they have received attention only in the last 10 years. They aim at reproducing a Sunderland's grade 3 and 4 nerve injuries 68 through crush injuries, 40 crush and distal transection, 36,39 partial transection, 41 transection and suture 40,43 or partial ligation. 28 Some authors also compare different mechanisms of injury in the same animal model.…”

“…38 In a previous study, they also measured ground reaction forces (GRFs) 'to determine the contribution of each limb to weight support, propulsion, braking, and balance during locomotion'. The sciatic functional index (SFI) described by de Medinaceli in 1982 73 is an easy, inexpensive and reliable method still in use, 43 which evaluates the print marks of both feet. Its assessment can be hindered by the dragging of the tail and by flexion contracture or autotomy.…”