Apparent contrast of a sinusoidal grating in the simultaneous presence of peripheral gratings

Ejima, Yoshimichi; Takahashi, Shingo

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(85)90036-7

Cited by 94 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…6A (right). Moreover, while the psychophysical effect of spatial phase is in line with other studies that, similar to ours, imposed no gap between the foreground and surround stimuli (Ejima and Takahashi 1985;Olzak and Laurinen 1999), this effect is absent in studies where there is a gap (Cannon and Fullenkamp 1991;Petrov and McKee 2006;Xing and Heeger 2001), suggesting the potential influence of a brightness induction effect at the border (see Snowden and Hammett 1998).…”

Section: ϫ15supporting

confidence: 73%

Electrophysiological indices of surround suppression in humans

Vanegas

Blangero

Kelly

2015

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Vanegas MI, Blangero A, Kelly SP. Electrophysiological indices of surround suppression in humans. J Neurophysiol 113: 1100-1109, 2015. First published November 19, 2014 doi:10.1152/jn.00774.2014.-Surround suppression is a well-known example of contextual interaction in visual cortical neurophysiology, whereby the neural response to a stimulus presented within a neuron's classical receptive field is suppressed by surrounding stimuli. Human psychophysical reports present an obvious analog to the effects seen at the single-neuron level: stimuli are perceived as lower-contrast when embedded in a surround. Here we report on a visual paradigm that provides relatively direct, straightforward indices of surround suppression in human electrophysiology, enabling us to reproduce several well-known neurophysiological and psychophysical effects, and to conduct new analyses of temporal trends and retinal location effects. Steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP) elicited by flickering "foreground" stimuli were measured in the context of various static surround patterns. Early visual cortex geometry and retinotopic organization were exploited to enhance SSVEP amplitude. The foreground response was strongly suppressed as a monotonic function of surround contrast. Furthermore, suppression was stronger for surrounds of matching orientation than orthogonally-oriented ones, and stronger at peripheral than foveal locations. These patterns were reproduced in psychophysical reports of perceived contrast, and peripheral electrophysiological suppression effects correlated with psychophysical effects across subjects. Temporal analysis of SSVEP amplitude revealed short-term contrast adaptation effects that caused the foreground signal to either fall or grow over time, depending on the relative contrast of the surround, consistent with stronger adaptation of the suppressive drive. This electrophysiology

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Section: ϫ15supporting

confidence: 73%

Electrophysiological indices of surround suppression in humans

Vanegas

Blangero

Kelly

2015

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…Several lines of human psychophysical studies on surround effects are suggestive of target contrast dependency, which is consistent with neurophysiological studies in animals. The surround grating generally suppresses the perceived contrast of the suprathreshold contrast target (Ejima and Takahashi, 1985;Xing and Heeger, 2001), whereas with a low-contrast target, the additional collinear grating presented in the surround enhances the subject's ability to detect the presence of the target (Polat and Sagi, 1993). However, the former two studies used a contrast-matching paradigm, while the latter study used a targetdetection paradigm.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Opposing Effects of Contextual Surround in Human Early Visual Cortex Revealed by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Continuously Modulated Visual Stimuli

Tajima¹,

Watanabe²,

Imai³

et al. 2010

J. Neurosci.

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Spatial context in vision has profound effects on neural responses and perception. Recent animal studies suggest that the effect of surround on a central stimulus can dramatically change its character depending on the contrast of the center stimulus, but such a drastic change has not been demonstrated in the human visual cortex. To examine the dependency of the surround effect on the contrast of the center stimulus, we conducted an functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment by using a low or a high contrast in the center region while the surround contrast was sinusoidally modulated between the two contrasts. We found that the blood oxygen leveldependent response in human V1 corresponding to the center region was differentially modulated by the surround contrast, depending crucially on the center contrast: whereas a suppressive effect was observed in conditions in which the center contrast was high, a facilitative effect was seen in conditions where the center contrast was low.

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“…Perceptually, subjects have been shown to judge the apparent contrast of a central grating embedded in an iso-oriented surround grating to be lower than in the absence of the surround. In other words, when psychophysical experiments have been performed at suprathreshold, the most commonly observed effect of an iso-oriented surround grating has been "suppression," even when the central grating was of lower contrast than the surround (Cannon andFullenkamp 1991, 1993;Ejima and Takahashi 1985;Xing and Heeger 2001). These previous studies may have failed to observe far-surround facilitation because they used large stimuli involving both the near and far surround, a stimulus that in our model, like in the experimental data, generates suppression (see legend of Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response Facilitation From the “Suppressive” Receptive Field Surround of Macaque V1 Neurons

Ichida¹,

Schwabe²,

Bressloff³

et al. 2007

Journal of Neurophysiology

120

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Ichida JM, Schwabe L, Bressloff PC, Angelucci A. Response facilitation from the "suppressive" receptive field surround of macaque V1 neurons. J Neurophysiol 98: 2168 -2181, 2007. First published August 8, 2007 doi:10.1152/jn.00298.2007. In primary visual cortex (V1), neuronal responses to optimally oriented stimuli in the receptive field (RF) center are usually suppressed by iso-oriented stimuli in the RF surround. The mechanisms and pathways giving rise to surround modulation, a possible neural correlate of perceptual figure-ground segregation, are not yet identified. We previously proposed that highly divergent and fast-conducting top-down feedback connections are the substrate for fast modulation arising from the more distant regions of the surround. We have recently implemented this idea into a recurrent network model (Schwabe et al. 2006). The purpose of this study was to test a crucial prediction of this feedback model, namely that the suppressive "far" surround of V1 neurons can be facilitatory under conditions that weakly activate neurons in the RF center. Using single-unit recordings in macaque V1, we found isoorientation far-surround facilitation when the RF center was driven by a low-contrast stimulus and the far surround by a small annular stimulus. Suppression occurred when the center stimulus contrast or the size of the surround stimulus was increased. This suggests that center-surround interactions result from excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms of similar spatial extent, and that changes in the balance of local excitation and inhibition, induced by surround stimulation, determine whether facilitation or suppression occurs. In layer 4C, the main target of geniculocortical afferents, lacking long-range intracortical connections, far-surround facilitation was rare and large surround fields were absent. This strongly suggests that feedforward connections do not contribute to far-surround modulation and that the latter is generated by intra-cortical mechanisms, likely involving top-down feedback.

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Apparent contrast of a sinusoidal grating in the simultaneous presence of peripheral gratings

Cited by 94 publications

References 24 publications

Electrophysiological indices of surround suppression in humans

Electrophysiological indices of surround suppression in humans

Opposing Effects of Contextual Surround in Human Early Visual Cortex Revealed by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Continuously Modulated Visual Stimuli

Response Facilitation From the “Suppressive” Receptive Field Surround of Macaque V1 Neurons

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