Apparent rotation in three-dimensional space: Effects of temporal, spatial, and structural factors

Todd, James T.; Akerstrom, Robin A.; Reichel, Francene D.; Hayes, William N.

doi:10.3758/bf03214196

Cited by 75 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The results demonstrated that while there are significant age-related differences in performance, human observers' shape discrimination ability is tolerant of large disruptions in surface coherence: in particular, both older and younger observers could reliably discriminate surface shape when fewer than half of the stimulus points fell on coherent surfaces (and when the majority of the stimulus points thus served as masking "volumetric noise"). Because human observers effectively perceive 3-D shape from motion in addition to binocular disparity (e.g., Andersen, 1996;Braunstein, 1966;Domini, Caudek, & Richman, 1998;Norman & Lappin, 1992;Todd, Akerstrom, Reichel, & Hayes, 1988), Experiment 2 was designed to similarly evaluate the effects of reductions in surface coherence for 3-D surfaces defined by motion.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aging and the discrimination of 3-D shape from motion and binocular disparity

Norman

Holmin

Beers

et al. 2012

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Two experiments evaluated the ability of younger and older adults to visually discriminate 3-D shape as a function of surface coherence. The coherence was manipulated by embedding the 3-D surfaces in volumetric noise (e.g., for a 55 % coherent surface, 55 % of the stimulus points fell on a 3-D surface, while 45 % of the points occupied random locations within the same volume of space). The 3-D surfaces were defined by static binocular disparity, dynamic binocular disparity, and motion. The results of both experiments demonstrated significant effects of age: Older adults required more coherence (tolerated volumetric noise less) for reliable shape discrimination than did younger adults. Motion-defined and static-binoculardisparity-defined surfaces resulted in similar coherence thresholds. However, performance for dynamic-binoculardisparity-defined surfaces was superior (i.e., the observers' surface coherence thresholds were lowest for these stimuli). The results of both experiments showed that younger and older adults possess considerable tolerance to the disrupting effects of volumetric noise; the observers could reliably discriminate 3-D surface shape even when 45 % of the stimulus points (or more) constituted noise.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aging and the discrimination of 3-D shape from motion and binocular disparity

Norman

Holmin

Beers

et al. 2012

Atten Percept Psychophys

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“…One might question how a quantitative study of SFM interpolation can be meaningful when Todd and his collaborators (Todd, Akerstrom, Reichel, & Hayes, 1988;Todd & Bressan, 1990;Todd & Norman, 1991) have provided evidence that depth is recovered only up to an affine transformatiort in SFM displays. Rescaling of depth along the line of sight, however, would not necessarily affect the results that we obtained with our SFM probe.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpolation across surface discontinuities in structure from motion Asad Satdpour

Saidpour

Braunstein

Hoffman

1994

Perception & Psychophysics

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Interpolation across orientation discontinuities in simulated three-dimensional (3-D) surfaces was studied in three experiments with the use of structure-from-motion (SFM) displays. The displays depicted dots on two slanted planes with a region devoid of dots (a gap) between them. If extended through the gap at constant slope, the planes would meet at a dihedral edge. Subjects were required to place an SFM probe dot, located within the gap, on the perceived surface. Probe dot placements indicated that subjects perceived a smooth surface connecting the planes rather than a surface with a discontinuity. Probe dot placements varied with slope of the planes, density of the dots, and gap size, but not with orientation (horizontal or vertical) of the dihedral edge or of the axis of rotation. Smoothing was consistent with models of 2-D interpolation proposed by Ullman (1976) and Kellman and Shipley (1991) and with a model of 3-D interpolation proposed by Grimson (1981). Wallach and O'Connell (1953) demonstrated that if subjects are shown the two-dimensional (2-D) shadow cast by a clear glass sphere that has small opaque dots on its surface and rotates about a vertical axis, then subjects perceive a spherical surface. A similar perception is commonly reported for computer-generated displays in which dots move about on a computer screen in a manner consistent with their being projections of dots on a rotating sphere (see, e.g., Braunstein, 1966;Braunstein & Andersen, 1984). Apparently human vision is adept at inferring 3-D structure from the 2-D motions of projected features. This process of inferring 3-D structure from 2-D motions, referred to as structure from motion (SFM) after Ullman (1979), has been studied extensively since the advent of computer-generated displays. (For reviews, see Braunstein, 1978Braunstein, , 1983Braunstein, , 1988 In many displays of SFM in which dots alone are projected on the computer screen, observers report seeing more than just a 3-D structure for the dots. They report, in addition, that they perceive a continuous surface in 3-D passing through, or near, the dots. Such perceptions of "subjective surfaces" on the basis of sparse collections of dots are not limited to SFM displays. Subjective surfaces have also been reported,

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“…For example, the computational theorem that three distinct views of four noncoplanar points are both necessary and sufficient for obtaining a unique interpretation of an object's 3-D structure (formulated by Ullman, 1979) has been successfully exploited in several psychophysical studies (e.g., Braunstein, Hoffman, & Pollick, 1990;Braunstein, Hoffman, Shapiro, Andersen, & Bennett, 1987;Domini, Caudek, & Prottitt, 1997;Doner, Lappin, & Perfetto, 1984;Lappin, Doner, & Kottas, 1980;Todd, Akerstrom, Reichel, & Hayes, 1988;Todd & Bressan, 1990). The general conclusion from this research is that the ability of human observers to perceive structure from motion is sometimes more powerful than expected on the basis of some computational models (see also Todd, 1985).…”

Section: Human Performance Versus Mathematical Constraintsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimal information to determine affine shape equivalence.

Wagemans¹,

Gool²,

Troy³

et al. 2000

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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Participants judged the affine equivalence of 2 simultaneously presented 4-point patterns. Performance level (d') varied between 1.5 and 2.7, depending on the information available for solving the correspondence problem (insufficient in Experiment 1a, superfluous in Experiment 1b, and minimal in Experiments 1c, 2a, 2b) and on the exposure time (unlimited in Experiments 1 and 2a and 500 ms in Experiment 2b), but it did not vary much with the complexity of the affine transformation (rotation and slant in Experiment 1 and same plus tilt in Experiment 2). Performance in Experiment 3 was lower with 3-point patterns than with 4-point patterns, whereas blocking the trials according to the affine transformation parameters had little effect. Determining affine shape equivalence with minimal-information displays is based on a fast assessment of qualitatively or quasi-invariant properties such as convexity/ concavity, parallelism, and collinearity.

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Apparent rotation in three-dimensional space: Effects of temporal, spatial, and structural factors

Cited by 75 publications

References 37 publications

Aging and the discrimination of 3-D shape from motion and binocular disparity

Aging and the discrimination of 3-D shape from motion and binocular disparity

Interpolation across surface discontinuities in structure from motion Asad Satdpour

Minimal information to determine affine shape equivalence.

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