Appendix B: Selected Measures of Racism

Cross, Rebekah Israel

doi:10.2105/9780875533049appb

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Specifically, they should consider how structural racism shapes equitable or inequitable adoption, implementation, and sustainability of EBIs at the policy, system, organizational, community, provider, and individual levels ( Alcaraz et al, 2020 ). Structural racism should be assessed as part of a contextual inquiry or formative work in understanding current and historical factors that may influence implementation (e.g., historical relationships between researchers/community; social conditions in the geographic context), or in assessing barriers/facilitators to equitable implementation (e.g., structural racism as a driver of disparate mental health outcomes and suboptimal access to and adoption of evidence-based mental health treatments in settings that serve diverse communities; Blas & Kurup, 2010 ; Cross et al, 2019 ; Harnett & Ressler, 2021 ; Moise & Hankerson, 2021 ). Even if a study’s research question does not directly focus on societal context, an antiracist approach would acknowledge, assess, or address how structural racism may shape implementation and modify downstream determinants of EBIs.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…To date, measuring or operationalizing racial equity or racism in IS is not routine. While there is debate on how to appropriately measure racism ( Came & Griffith, 2018 ), and recognition that measuring racism depends on scale, domain, and/or historical context ( Bailey et al, 2017 ; Cross et al, 2019 ; Groos et al, 2018 ; Krieger, 2014 ), it is critical that implementation frameworks and studies include metrics and measures aligned with the inclusion of racism as a contextual determinant of health inequities and inequitable implementation. Beginning to conceptualize and measure racism within implementation research with specificity will inform where and how to intervene; identify potential mechanisms through which racism shapes inequities; and help to determine whether the implementation of EBIs or strategies could reduce racism and its impacts.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Application of an antiracism lens in the field of implementation science (IS): Recommendations for reframing implementation research with a focus on justice and racial equity

Shelton

Adsul

et al. 2021

Implementation Research and Practice

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Background Despite the promise of implementation science (IS) to reduce health inequities, critical gaps and opportunities remain in the field to promote health equity. Prioritizing racial equity and antiracism approaches is critical in these efforts, so that IS does not inadvertently exacerbate disparities based on the selection of frameworks, methods, interventions, and strategies that do not reflect consideration of structural racism and its impacts. Methods Grounded in extant research on structural racism and antiracism, we discuss the importance of advancing understanding of how structural racism as a system shapes racial health inequities and inequitable implementation of evidence-based interventions among racially and ethnically diverse communities. We outline recommendations for explicitly applying an antiracism lens to address structural racism and its manifests through IS. An anti-racism lens provides a framework to guide efforts to confront, address, and eradicate racism and racial privilege by helping people identify racism as a root cause of health inequities and critically examine how it is embedded in policies, structures, and systems that differentially affect racially and ethnically diverse populations. Results We provide guidance for the application of an antiracism lens in the field of IS, focusing on select core elements in implementation research, including: (1) stakeholder engagement; (2) conceptual frameworks and models; (3) development, selection, adaptation of EBIs; (4) evaluation approaches; and (5) implementation strategies. We highlight the need for foundational grounding in antiracism frameworks among implementation scientists to facilitate ongoing self-reflection, accountability, and attention to racial equity, and provide questions to guide such reflection and consideration. Conclusion We conclude with a reflection on how this is a critical time for IS to prioritize focus on justice, racial equity, and real-world equitable impact. Moving IS towards making consideration of health equity and an antiracism lens foundational is central to strengthening the field and enhancing its impact. Plain language abstract There are important gaps and opportunities that exist in promoting health equity through implementation science. Historically, the commonly used frameworks, measures, interventions, strategies, and approaches in the field have not been explicitly focused on equity, nor do they consider the role of structural racism in shaping health and inequitable delivery of evidence-based practices/programs. This work seeks to build off of the long history of research on structural racism and health, and seeks to provide guidance on how to apply an antiracism lens to select core elements of implementation research. We highlight important opportunities for the field to reflect and consider applying an antiracism approach in: 1) stakeholder/community engagement; 2) use of conceptual frameworks; 3) development, selection and adaptation of evidence-based interventions; 4) evaluation approaches; 5) implementation strategies (e.g., how to deliver evidence-based practices, programs, policies); and 6) how researchers conduct their research, with a focus on racial equity. This is an important time for the field of implementation science to prioritize a foundational focus on justice, equity, and real-world impact through the application of an anti-racism lens in their work.

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Application of an antiracism lens in the field of implementation science (IS): Recommendations for reframing implementation research with a focus on justice and racial equity

Shelton

Adsul

et al. 2021

Implementation Research and Practice

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“…In order to quantify cultural racism and estimate its associations with health, we must first measure it. 276,277 However, as the water in which we swim, cultural racism is inherently difficult to capture empirically. Existing efforts have involved leveraging data from Project Implicit, The General Social Survey, Twitter, and Google Trends to measure the racial bias of multiple individuals in a defined geographic area and aggregating those individual measures to the group level.…”

Section: Expand Measurement Of Cultural Racism To More Accurately Cap...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to quantify cultural racism and estimate its associations with health, we must first measure it 276,277 . However, as the water in which we swim, cultural racism is inherently difficult to capture empirically.…”

Section: Directions For Future Research On Cultural Racism and Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Water Surrounding the Iceberg: Cultural Racism and Health Inequities

Michaels¹,

Lam-Hine

Nguyen

et al. 2023

Milbank Quarterly

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Policy Points Cultural racism—or the widespread values that privilege and protect Whiteness and White social and economic power—permeates all levels of society, uplifts other dimensions of racism, and contributes to health inequities. Overt forms of racism, such as racial hate crimes, represent only the “tip of the iceberg,” whereas structural and institutional racism represent its base. This paper advances cultural racism as the “water surrounding the iceberg,” allowing it to float while obscuring its base. Considering the fundamental role of cultural racism is needed to advance health equity. ContextCultural racism is a pervasive social toxin that surrounds all other dimensions of racism to produce and maintain racial health inequities. Yet, cultural racism has received relatively little attention in the public health literature. The purpose of this paper is to 1) provide public health researchers and policymakers with a clearer understanding of what cultural racism is, 2) provide an understanding of how it operates in conjunction with the other dimensions of racism to produce health inequities, and 3) offer directions for future research and interventions on cultural racism.MethodsWe conducted a nonsystematic, multidisciplinary review of theory and empirical evidence that conceptualizes, measures, and documents the consequences of cultural racism for social and health inequities.FindingsCultural racism can be defined as a culture of White supremacy, which values, protects, and normalizes Whiteness and White social and economic power. This ideological system operates at the level of our shared social consciousness and is expressed in the language, symbols, and media representations of dominant society. Cultural racism surrounds and bolsters structural, institutional, personally mediated, and internalized racism, undermining health through material, cognitive/affective, biologic, and behavioral mechanisms across the life course.ConclusionsMore time, research, and funding is needed to advance measurement, elucidate mechanisms, and develop evidence‐based policy interventions to reduce cultural racism and promote health equity.

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Appendix B: Selected Measures of Racism

Cited by 2 publications

References 19 publications

Application of an antiracism lens in the field of implementation science (IS): Recommendations for reframing implementation research with a focus on justice and racial equity

Application of an antiracism lens in the field of implementation science (IS): Recommendations for reframing implementation research with a focus on justice and racial equity

The Water Surrounding the Iceberg: Cultural Racism and Health Inequities

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