Appetite after weight loss by energy restriction and a low-fat diet–exercise follow-up

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to determine the impact of weight loss on appetite as measured by visual analog scale (VAS). METHODS: Seventeen subjects (10 men and seven women) took part in a 15 week weight loss program which consisted of drug therapy (fen¯uramine 60 mgaday) or placebo coupled to an energy restriction (À2930 kJaday; phase 1) followed by an 18 week low-fat diet ± exercise follow-up (phase 2). Subjects were given a standardized breakfast before and after phase 1 as well as after phase 2. Individuals were asked to ®ll out VAS before and at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min after this test meal. Blood samples were drawn before the meal and at 0, 30 and 60 min postprandially and analyzed for glucose and insulin. Fasting plasma cortisol and leptin were also determined. RESULTS: An increase in the fasting desire to eat, hunger and prospective food consumption (PFC) was observed after phase 1 and to an even greater extent after phase 2 in both men and women. In the fasting state, positive correlations were observed between changes in the desire to eat (r 0.76; P`0.05) as well as changes of PFC (r 0.82; P`0.05) and changes in cortisol at the end of phase 1 for women. In response to phase 1, statistically signi®cant correlations were found between changes of hunger (r 0.64; P`0.05) and desire to eat (r 0.67; P`0.05) as measured by AUC in response to the meal and changes of fasting plasma cortisol in men. The most consistent predictor of changes of baseline desire to eat (r 0.68 P`0.05), fullness (r À0.78, P`0.05) and PFC (r 0.91, P`0.01) during phase 2 was the change in fasting cortisol in men. Changes of fullness were also associated with changes of fasting leptin in men (r 0.68; P`0.05) during phase 2. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that weight loss is accompanied by an increase of baseline appetite in both men and women and that the most consistent predictor of these changes in appetite seems to be changes in fasting plasma cortisol.

Body development in sows, feed intake and maternal capacity. Part 2: gilt body condition before and after lactation, reproductive performance and correlations with lactation feed intake

“…Heavy, lean sows that do not have sufficiently high lactation intake will likely have poorer longevity due to excessive weight loss. However, weight lossassociated stress can trigger increased appetite to compensate (Doucet et al, 2000) or alternatively inhibit appetite suppression (Ozcan et al, 2009), as shown in other species. Bergsma et al (2008) were the first to coin the term lactation efficiency (LE, defined as output/input), which combines the resources provided by the sow (through weight and fat loss) with lactation intake into an input variable, after accounting for sow maintenance requirements, and relates this input to piglet output.…”

Multivitamin and dietary supplements, body weight and appetite: results from a cross-sectional and a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study

“…These differences remained significant when change in body weight was taken into account, suggesting that an adequate intake in vitamins and minerals might influence satiety. Appetite is increased in response to body-weight loss (36,40) due to variations in hormone levels implicated in the regulation of energy balance such as insulin, leptin and cortisol (36,41,42) . Since some vitamins and minerals are involved in the synthesis of these and other peptides and neurotransmitters that control food intake, a decreased micronutrient availability could affect peptide hormone levels and thus interfere with the signalling pathways that control food intake, as was observed in Zn-deprived rats (43) .…”

Using restrictive messages to limit high-fat foods or nonrestrictive messages to increase fruit and vegetable intake: what works better for postmenopausal women?

“…One of the factors that might thwart adherence is the difficulty in maintaining high levels of dietary restriction in the long term. Also, it has been shown that restrictive diets may have negative effects on eating behaviors such as an increased appetite (Doucet et al, 2000) and an increase in frequency of obsessive thoughts about food (Hart and Chiovari, 1998), and they could also be associated with a greater risk of depression symptoms (Chaput et al, 2007). To avoid the perceived deprivation, an alternative approach could be to emphasize positive messages promoting the consumption of healthy foods with low energy density rather than focusing on restricting high-fat foods.…”