Applicability of nonlinear ultrasonic technique to evaluation of thermally aged CF8M cast stainless steel

Kim, Jongbeom; Kim, Jin Gyum; Kong, Byeongseo; Kim, Kyung Mo; Jang, Changheui; Kang, Sung Sik; Jhang, Kyung-Young

doi:10.1016/j.net.2019.09.004

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…One can find, from the initial determined results, that the nonlinear parameters decrease as the annealing time increases. However, this conclusion is inconsistent with most experiment results [18,19]. The reason is that these nonlinear parameters are affected by the diffraction, attenuation and reflection, because the attenuation coefficients and wave velocities of these specimens are different, as shown in Table 2.…”

Section: Nonlinear Experiments Resultsmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…This interesting finding shows that the use of the nonlinear parameters can be effective in characterizing the material degradations. However, there will be different tendencies of nonlinear parameters with the property degradation for different materials [12,18,19,24]. The lack of consideration of attenuation effects may be one reason for this.…”

Section: Relationship Between the Microstructural Evolution And Nonlimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterizing Microstructural Evolution of TP304 Stainless Steel Using a Pulse-Echo Nonlinear Method

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2020

Materials

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Tube/Pipe (TP) 304 stainless steel has been widely used in industry, but a change in its microstructures may endanger its service safety, and it is essential to evaluate its microstructural evolution. In this work, a pulse-echo nonlinear method is proposed to characterize the microstructural evolution of the TP304 stainless steel. The detailed pulse-echo nonlinear experimental process is presented, and it is shown that the absolute nonlinear parameter can be determined when the effect of attenuation is taken into account. The microstructural evolution of TP304 stainless steel is artificially controlled by annealing treatments before it is evaluated by using nonlinear ultrasonic method and metallographic method. The results show that the grain sizes increase as the annealing time increases, which leads to the performance degradation of the TP304 steel and an increase in the nonlinear parameters, with the reason discussed considering the variation in the microstructure. The present pulse-echo nonlinear method is easier to conduct than the traditional transmission-through method and the absolute nonlinear parameter can be determined for quantitative characterization. The variation in determined nonlinear parameters provides a reference to evaluate the microstructural evolution of TP304 stainless steel.Materials 2020, 13, 1395 2 of 11 dislocations, precipitates, and fatigue microcracks [6]. Therefore, nonlinear acoustic testing can be used to characterize the degradation of the microstructural properties of TP 304 stainless steel components.When a monochromic ultrasonic wave is transmitted in a material, the waveform is distorted by the nonlinear elastic property of the material and harmonic waves are generated [7]. The nonlinear ultrasonic method often measures these harmonic waves to obtain the relative or absolute nonlinear parameter to evaluate the microstructural evolution of materials. The typical method uses longitudinal waves and is usually conducted in through-transmission mode, which requires access to both sides; however, this technique may be restrictive in a field measurement scenario where, for example, access is only possible to the outer surface of a pipeline [8]. The pulse-echo method, which enables single-side access to the test component using a nonlinear longitudinal wave, provides a useful tool for practical applications of nonlinear ultrasonic measurement.Determining the absolute nonlinear parameter is important in order to quantitatively evaluate the microstructural evolution of materials [9]. Measuring nonlinear parameters for fluids using the pulse-echo method with a rigid boundary has been reported [10]. For solid materials or structures, the stress-free boundary will destructively alter the nonlinear wave generation process. Some researchers have shown that the 'residual' nonlinear wave reflected from stress-free boundaries can still be measured [8,11]. However, there are some difficulties in determining the absolute nonlinear parameters of TP 304 stainless steel using the pulse-echo method...

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Section: Nonlinear Experiments Resultsmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Relationship Between the Microstructural Evolution And Nonlimentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterizing Microstructural Evolution of TP304 Stainless Steel Using a Pulse-Echo Nonlinear Method

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2020

Materials

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“…They successfully obtained the β values for 6061 aluminum alloys (Al6061-T6) and fused silica. Kim et al [20] used the piezoelectric detection method to characterize the material microstructures and successfully investigated the characteristics of second-phase precipitation in heat-treated Al6061-T6 [16] and thermally aged CF8M cast stainless steel [21]. They also evaluated the yield strength by ultrasonic reconstruction of a nonlinear stress-strain curve [22] based on the β measurements and successfully estimated the yield strength of heat-treated Al6061-T6.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of Absolute Acoustic Nonlinearity Parameter Using Laser-Ultrasonic Detection

et al. 2021

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The absolute acoustic nonlinearity parameter β is defined by the displacement amplitudes of the fundamental and second-order harmonic frequency components of the ultrasonic wave propagating through the material. As β is a sensitive index for the micro-damage interior of industrial components at early stages, its measurement methods have been actively investigated. This study proposes a laser-ultrasonic detection method to measure β. This method provides (1) the β measurement in a noncontact and nondestructive manner, (2) inspection ability of different materials without complex calibration owing to direct ultrasonic displacement detection, and (3) applicability for the general milling machined surfaces of components owing to the use of a laser interferometer based on two-wave mixing in the photorefractive crystal. The performance of the proposed method is validated using copper and 6061 aluminum alloy specimens with sub-micrometer surface roughness. The experimental results demonstrated that the β values measured by the proposed method for the two specimens were consistent with those obtained by the conventional piezoelectric detection method and the range of previously published values.

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“…Nonlinear ultrasonic technology uses nonlinear acoustic effects that occur when a strong ultrasonic wave is incident inside a material. The nonlinear ultrasound, such as the second harmonic wave, is known to be sensitive to micro-damage [5][6][7][8][9][10], and mainly measures the nonlinear parameter, β, which is defined by the displacement amplitudes of the fundamental and second harmonic waves to quantify the degree of damage. Studies on nonlinear ultrasonic applications are actively being conducted [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], and the use of longitudinal waves dominates in most cases, although surface and Lamb waves are also used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Design of Annular Phased Array Transducers for Material Nonlinearity Determination in Pulse–Echo Ultrasonic Testing

2020

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Nonlinear ultrasound has been proven to be a useful nondestructive testing tool for micro-damage inspection of materials and structures operating in harsh environment. When measuring the nonlinear second harmonic wave in a solid specimen in the pulse–echo (PE) testing mode, the stress-free boundary characteristics brings the received second harmonic component close to zero. Therefore, the PE method has never been employed to measure the so-called “nonlinear parameter (β)”, which is used to quantify the degree of micro-damage. When there are stress-free boundaries, a focused beam is known to improve the PE reception of the second harmonic wave, so phased-array (PA) transducers can be used to generate the focused beam. For the practical application of PE nonlinear ultrasonic testing, however, it is necessary to develop a new type of PA transducer that is completely different from conventional ones. In this paper, we propose a new annular PA transducer capable of measuring β with improved second harmonic reception in the PE mode. Basically, the annular PA transducer (APAT) consists of four external ring transmitters and an internal disk receiver at the center. The focused beam properties of the transducers are analyzed using a nonlinear sound beam model which incorporates the effects of beam diffraction, material attenuation, and boundary reflection. The optimal design of the APAT is performed in terms of the maximum second harmonic reception and the total correction close to one, and the results are presented in detail.

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Applicability of nonlinear ultrasonic technique to evaluation of thermally aged CF8M cast stainless steel

Cited by 15 publications

References 20 publications

Characterizing Microstructural Evolution of TP304 Stainless Steel Using a Pulse-Echo Nonlinear Method

Characterizing Microstructural Evolution of TP304 Stainless Steel Using a Pulse-Echo Nonlinear Method

Measurement of Absolute Acoustic Nonlinearity Parameter Using Laser-Ultrasonic Detection

Optimal Design of Annular Phased Array Transducers for Material Nonlinearity Determination in Pulse–Echo Ultrasonic Testing

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