Applicability study of deuterium excess in bottled water life cycle analyses

Abstract

Paper explores the possible use of d-excess in the investigation of bottled water. Based on the data set from Brencic and Vreca's paper (2006). Identification of sources and production processes of bottled waters by stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios, d-excess values were statistically analysed and compared among different bottled water groups and different bottlers. The bottled water life cycle in relation to d-excess values was also theoretically identified. Descriptive statistics and one-way ANOVA showed no significant differences among the groups. Differences were detected in the shape of empirical distributions. Groups of still and flavoured waters have similar shapes, but sparkling waters differed to the others. Two distinctive groups of bottlers could be discerned. The first group is represented by bottlers with a high range of d-excess (from 7.7 ‰ to 18.6 ‰ with average of 12.0 ‰) exploring waters originating from the aquifers rich in highly mineralised groundwater and relatively high concentrations of CO 2 gas. The second group is represented by bottlers using groundwater from relatively shallow aquifers. Their d-excess values have characteristics similar to the local precipitation (from 7.8 ‰ to 14.3 ‰ with average of 10.3 ‰). More frequent sampling and better knowledge of production phases are needed to improve usage of isotope fingerprint for authentication of bottled waters. Izvle~eklanek obravnava možnost uporabe devterijevega presežka pri raziskavah embaliranih vod. Delo temelji na podatkih o izotopski sestavi vod, ki so bili objavljeni v ~lanku Brencic in Vreca (2006). Vrednosti devterijevega presežka so bile analizirane statisti~no in primerjane med razli~nimi skupinami embaliranih vod ter med razli~nimi polnilci. V okviru analize je bil teoreti~no identificiran življenjski cikel embaliranih vod. Opisne statistike in analiza variance -ANOVA so pokazale, da med skupinami ni zna~ilnih razlik, razlike pa so bile opažene v oblikah empiri~nih porazdelitev. Skupine naravnih vod in aromatiziranih vod imajo podobno obliko empiri~nih porazdelitev, medtem ko je za gazirane vode druga~na. Znotraj slednjih lahko lo~imo dve skupini. Prva skupina je sestavljena iz vod polnilcev z visokim razponom vrednosti devterijevega presežka (od 7,7 ‰ do 18,6 ‰ in povpre~jem 12,0 ‰). Te vode izvirajo iz vodonosnikov bogatih z mineraliziranimi vodami in relativno visokimi koncentracijami plina CO 2 . Drugo skupino predstavljajo vode polnilcev, ki uporabljajo vodo iz relativno plitvih vodonosnikov, vrednosti devterijevega presežka pa so podobne povpre~nim vrednostim lokalnih padavin (od 7,8 ‰ do 14,3 ‰ in povpre~jem 10,3 ‰). Za u~inkovitej{o ugotavljanje skladnosti ustekleni~enih vod s pomo~jo izotopske sestave je potrebno izvesti pogostej{a vzor~enja in izbolj{ati znanje o proizvodnih procesih.

Chemical and isotopic composition of CO2-rich magnesium–sodium–bicarbonate–sulphate-type mineral waters from volcanoclastic aquifer in Rogaška Slatina, Slovenia

“…If we apply the calculation, d -excess would be 20.0–21.8‰ for two Donat Mg wells and 19.5 and 24.0‰ for its mixtures (Table 4 ); however, there the dominant process is oxygen shift and not d -excess. Other groundwaters have d -excess in the range of 11.5–12.6‰ (Table 4 ), close to the results of Brenčič and Vreča ( 2014 ) for the Edina and Tempel brands (12.5–13.1‰), while their Tiha had only 10.9‰. These waters are obviously not included in our survey.…”

“…We agree with previous interpretations on local meteoric origin of waters (Pezdič, 1997;Trček & Leis, 2017) and identification of CO 2 degassing (Clark & Fritz, 1997) at two end-members (Brenčič & Vreča, 2014;Trček & Leis, 2017): mineral water from andesitic aquifer (V-3/6-70, RgS-2/88) and Kraljevi vrelec, where freshwater mixes with naturally outflowing mineral water. We supplement these data with additional sample K-2/75 which is positioned in between (Fig.…”

“…On the other side, Brenčič and Vreča ( 2014 ) investigated d -excess in bottled waters and calculated it to be 17.4–18.6‰ in Donat Mg water. In contrast to Pezdič ( 1997 ), they argued that increased d -excess is a consequence of the water–CO 2 interaction.…”