“…e-mail: pvm@iitm.ac.in ratio is included along with spark time control. In such cases, non-linear control techniques like fuzzy logic (Thornhill et al, 2000), adaptive fuzzy logic (Thornhill and Thompson, 1999), the sliding mode method (Srail et al, 2002), genetic algorithms (Kim and Park, 2007), the nonlinear autoregressive exogenous (NARX) model (De Nicolao et al, 1999), and on-line adaptive Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) tuning and the Continuous Action Reinforcement Learning Automata (CARLA) algorithm (Howell and Best, 2000), have been used to achieve superior performance in terms of improved controller robustness and reduction in speed fluctuations, fuel consumption, and noise vibration and harshness.…”