Application of bonded composites in the repair of ships structures – A 15-year service experience

Grabovac, Ivan; Whittaker, D. Hugh

doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2008.11.006

Cited by 66 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Various types of GFs exist, such as E, ECR, R, and S-glass, listed in the order of their increasing mechanical strength. Glass fibre-reinforced composites (GFRPs) are often used in structural applications in marine and offshore industries, as well as in the wind energy sector [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. In these applications, GFRPs are continuously exposed to water and humid environments for decades, with a typical design lifetime being around 25 years or more [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissolution Kinetics of R-Glass Fibres: Influence of Water Acidity, Temperature, and Stress Corrosion

Krauklis

Gagani

Veģere

et al. 2019

Fibers

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Glass fibres slowly degrade due to dissolution when exposed to water. Such environmental aging results in the deterioration of the mechanical properties. In structural offshore and marine applications, as well as in the wind energy sector, R-glass fibre composites are continuously exposed to water and humid environments for decades, with a typical design lifetime being around 25 years or more. During this lifetime, these materials are affected by various temperatures, acidity levels, and mechanical loads. A Dissolving Cylinder Zero-Order Kinetic (DCZOK) model was able to explain the long-term dissolution of R-glass fibres, considering the influence of the pH, temperature, and stress corrosion. The effects of these environmental conditions on the dissolution rate constants and activation energies of dissolution were obtained. Experimentally, dissolution was measured using High Resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS). For stress corrosion, a custom rig was designed and used. The temperature showed an Arrhenius-type influence on the kinetics, increasing the rate of dissolution exponentially with increasing temperature. In comparison with neutral conditions, basic and acidic aqueous environments showed an increase in the dissolution rates, affecting the lifetime of glass fibres negatively. External loads also increased glass dissolution rates due to stress corrosion. The model was able to capture all of these effects.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissolution Kinetics of R-Glass Fibres: Influence of Water Acidity, Temperature, and Stress Corrosion

Krauklis

Gagani

Veģere

et al. 2019

Fibers

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show abstract

“…Fiber-reinforced composite (fiber-reinforced polymer; FRP) laminates are used for structural applications in marine, offshore and oil and gas industries due to their light weight and corrosion resistance [1][2][3]. Composites offshore have been implemented in such applications as risers, tethers, repair patches and ship hulls [4][5][6][7][8]. In these applications, FRPs are exposed to water and experience subsequent water-induced or hygroscopic swelling [1][2][3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction of Orthotropic Hygroscopic Swelling of Fiber-Reinforced Composites from Isotropic Swelling of Matrix Polymer

2019

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Swelling in fiber-reinforced composites is anisotropic. In this work, dealing with glass fiber epoxy composite immersed in distilled water, swelling coefficients are obtained in each direction experimentally. Swelling behaviour in the fiber direction was constrained by the non-swelling fibers and was close to null, while swelling in the transverse directions was found to occur freely—similar to the unconstrained polymer. An analytical method for predicting anisotropic swelling in composites from the swelling of the matrix polymer is reported in this work. The method has an advantage that it is simple to use in practice and requires only a swelling coefficient of the matrix polymer, elastic constants of the matrix and fibers, and a known fiber volume fraction of the composite. The method was validated using finite element analysis. Good agreement was obtained and is reported between experimental hygroscopic swelling data, analytical and numerical results for composite laminates, indicating the validity of this predictive approach.

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“…One of the fi rst general reviews of marine applications of adhesive bonding was by Wacker (2000). Grabovac and Whittaker (2009) report on the long-term experience of using carbon-composite patches to repair cracks in an aluminium superstructure of an Australian Navy frigate. There are some earlier accounts of using adhesives in a marine environment for particular applications.…”

Section: Maritime Industrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduction to using adhesives in marine and offshore engineering

Weitzenböck

2012

Adhesives in Marine Engineering

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Application of bonded composites in the repair of ships structures – A 15-year service experience

Cited by 66 publications

References 4 publications

Dissolution Kinetics of R-Glass Fibres: Influence of Water Acidity, Temperature, and Stress Corrosion

Dissolution Kinetics of R-Glass Fibres: Influence of Water Acidity, Temperature, and Stress Corrosion

Prediction of Orthotropic Hygroscopic Swelling of Fiber-Reinforced Composites from Isotropic Swelling of Matrix Polymer

Introduction to using adhesives in marine and offshore engineering

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