Application of Boron Oxide as a Protective Surface Treatment to Decrease the Air Reactivity of Carbon Anodes

Ishak, Ramzi; Picard, Donald; Laroche, Gaétan; Ziegler, Donald; Alamdari, Houshang

doi:10.3390/met7030079

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Increasing the thickness of the anode cover material (ACM), novel coating techniques, and other technologies could further help to meet this ambition. 48 − 50…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reducing air burn, for example, by covering the upper part of the anodes more carefully to limit contact with oxygen from the ambient air, ,, has a great potential to cut direct emissions (−5.5% in 2017). Since it has little influence on the bath chemistry, it might prove easier to implement than improving alumina reduction.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since it has little influence on the bath chemistry, it might prove easier to implement than improving alumina reduction. Increasing the thickness of the anode cover material (ACM), novel coating techniques, and other technologies could further help to meet this ambition. − …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Systemic Approaches for Emission Reduction in Industrial Plants Based on Physical Accounting: Example for an Aluminum Smelter

Billy

Monnier

Nybakke

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting in industrial plants usually has multiple purposes, including mandatory reporting, shareholder and stakeholder communication, developing key performance indicators (KPIs), or informing cost-effective mitigation options. Current carbon accounting systems, such as the one required by the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS), ignore the system context in which emissions occur. This hampers the identification and evaluation of comprehensive mitigation strategies considering linkages between materials, energy, and emissions. Here, we propose a carbon accounting method based on multilevel material flow analysis (MFA), which aims at addressing this gap. Using a Norwegian primary aluminum production plant as an example, we analyzed the material stocks and flows within this plant for total mass flows of goods as well as substances such as aluminum and carbon. The results show that the MFA-based accounting (i) is more robust than conventional tools due to mass balance consistency and higher granularity, (ii) allows monitoring the performance of the company and defines meaningful KPIs, (iii) can be used as a basis for the EU ETS reporting and linked to internal reporting, (iv) enables the identification and evaluation of systemic solutions and resource efficiency strategies for reducing emissions, and (v) has the potential to save costs.

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“…Increasing the thickness of the anode cover material (ACM), novel coating techniques, and other technologies could further help to meet this ambition. 48 − 50…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Systemic Approaches for Emission Reduction in Industrial Plants Based on Physical Accounting: Example for an Aluminum Smelter

Billy

Monnier

Nybakke

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Such a positive effect has also been confirmed by other authors. 5,23 Contrary to that of the carbon composite materials, the boron uptake level in the anode must be kept extremely low. With the amount of anode required to produce aluminum taken into account, the level of boron in aluminum will be 0.415 times that of boron in anode.…”

Section: Formation Of Boron Oxide Film and Blockage Of Active Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Carbon Anode Protected by Low Boron Level: An Attempt To Understand Carbon–Boron Inhibitor Mechanism

Ishak

Laroche

Lamonier

et al. 2017

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Several chemical reactions occur during the electrolysis of alumina in the Hall−Héroult process resulting in a significant overconsumption of the carbon anode. Carbon oxidation with oxygen is one of these reactions. The inhibition of this reaction by the application of protective layers on the anode can be an effective technique to reduce carbon consumption. Boron impregnation was shown to suppress this reaction. In this study, very low boron content has been impregnated on the anode, and several characterization methods have been performed to understand the protection mechanism of such a low boron concentration during the oxidation reaction of anodes. An air reactivity test of boron-impregnated anodes has been performed at temperatures between 400 and 600 °C. The samples were characterized using XPS, Raman spectroscopy, XRD, XRF, porosimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). TGA revealed that the total number of interactions between oxygen atoms and carbon active sites was reduced, decreasing the pre-exponential factor. Time-offlight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) has been employed as a highly sensitive surface characterization method to identify chemical forms of boron on the anode. It has been confirmed that boron blocks active sites of carbon by creating boron−carbon bonds, thus reducing the interaction of carbon active sites with oxygen.

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“…The presence of SiO2 may improve the oxidation and acidic corrosion resistance of metals under different temperatures due to its high heat and chemical resistance. The use of B2O3 and SiO2 in coating technology has been reported in several publications [8][9][10][11]. Moreover, SiO2 has also been applied on AISI 304 stainless steel using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as a chemical precursor [12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Study of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/ Industrial Waste Coating on Mg Substrate via Sol-Gel Method

Salleh

Malek

Abdullah

et al. 2022

MSF

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Industrial waste is primarily handled using landfills in both developed and developing countries. While there has been a significant rise in solid waste reduction, reuse, and recycling, landfill disposal will inevitably remain the most commonly used form of waste management. Although landfilling provides an economic means of waste disposal, it can lead to environmental degradation by releasing various contaminants if not managed properly. In this work, industrial waste from electrostatic precipitators (ESP) will be beneficial for the production of coatings on metal substrates. The sol-gel coating method have been attempted for deposition on pure Mg samples. Using the potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) method and hydrogen evolution analysis, the effectiveness of the coating, which is the corrosion resistance was analyzed. A minimal application of Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) in the ESP dust solution has been shown to substantially reduce the corrosion rate of Mg. This is likely due to the impact of its concentrations through the sol-gel process that could increase the size of the particle shape or growth.

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Application of Boron Oxide as a Protective Surface Treatment to Decrease the Air Reactivity of Carbon Anodes

Cited by 8 publications

References 22 publications

Systemic Approaches for Emission Reduction in Industrial Plants Based on Physical Accounting: Example for an Aluminum Smelter

Systemic Approaches for Emission Reduction in Industrial Plants Based on Physical Accounting: Example for an Aluminum Smelter

Characterization of Carbon Anode Protected by Low Boron Level: An Attempt To Understand Carbon–Boron Inhibitor Mechanism

Electrochemical Study of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/ Industrial Waste Coating on Mg Substrate via Sol-Gel Method

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