Application of Electrochemical Biosensors for Determination of Food Spoilage

Abstract

Food security is significantly affected by the mass production of agricultural produce and goods, the growing number of imported foods, and new eating and consumption habits. These changed circumstances bring food safety issues arising from food spoilage to the fore, making food safety control essential. Simple and fast screening methods have been developed to detect pathogens and biomarkers indicating the freshness of food for safety. In addition to the traditional, sequential, chemical analytical and microbiological methods, fast, highly sensitive, automated methods suitable for serial tests have appeared. At the same time, biosensor research is also developing dynamically worldwide, both in terms of the analytes to be determined and the technical toolkit. Consequently, the rapid development of biosensors, including electrochemical-based biosensors, has led to significant advantages in the quantitative detection and screening of food contaminants. These techniques show great specificity for the biomarkers tested and provide adequate analytical accuracy even in complex food matrices. In our review article, we summarize, in separate chapters, the electrochemical biosensors developed for the most important food groups and the food safety issues they can ensure, with particular respect to meat and fish products, milk and dairy products, as well as alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages.

Recent advances in graphene-based electroanalytical devices for healthcare applications

“…These techniques also provide faster, high-resolution analysis, making them suitable for complex mixtures and a wide range of applications, from environmental to clinical diagnostics. 183 A thorough overview of voltammetry-based biosensors can be found in review articles by Yuwen et al, Majer-Baranyi et al, and Bano et al [184][185][186] Several voltammetry-based sensors utilizing GR and its derivatives/hybrids have been reported. For example, Saisahas et al developed electrochemical paper-based analytical devices (ePAD) enriched with graphene ink and modified with polyaniline (PANI) for the detection of xylazine, a veterinary sedative, using DPV.…”

“…These techniques also provide faster, high-resolution analysis, making them suitable for complex mixtures and a wide range of applications, from environmental to clinical diagnostics. 201 A thorough overview of voltammetry-based biosensors can be found in review articles by Yuwen et al , Majer-Baranyi et al , and Bano et al 202–204…”

Plant phytochemicals as bio-responsive compounds in smart packaging for food spoilage detection: a comprehensive review

“…Spoilage is characterized by any unacceptable change in food's sensory properties. 11 The process of food spoilage technically involves various factors like composition of food, its water activity, its sensitivity to temperature and sunlight, 12,13 but microbial growth is the top contributor of health concerns. 14 Combinations of any trigger points of spoilage lead to growth of microbes and they release chemical substances into head space called analytes which can be toxins, mycotoxins, chemical residues, and gases.…”

Surface Plasmon Resonance-Induced Charge Transfer in Ag/Mercaptobenzoic Acid/Polyaniline Sandwich Structures

“…4,5 When a laser beam interacts with a metal nanostructure surface, it induces a localized electric field, leading to the polarization of electrons around the analyte and promoting surface plasmon resonance (SPR). 6,7 This resonant interaction focuses the electric field on the surface of the nanostructure, amplifying the Raman scattering intensity. 8,9 The important role of the EM in SERS cannot be overstated, but it has significant limitations.…”

“…Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), which is an important tool for surface analysis and detection, utilizes the amplification effect induced on the surface of metal nanostructures to significantly enhance the Raman signal of molecules. − SERS is attributed mainly to the electromagnetic field enhancement mechanism (EM). , When a laser beam interacts with a metal nanostructure surface, it induces a localized electric field, leading to the polarization of electrons around the analyte and promoting surface plasmon resonance (SPR). , This resonant interaction focuses the electric field on the surface of the nanostructure, amplifying the Raman scattering intensity. , The important role of the EM in SERS cannot be overstated, but it has significant limitations. , In particular, the inherent heterogeneity of metal nanostructures and the limited enhancement region affect EM enhancement. , In addition, a chemical enhancement mechanism (CM), including resonance and charge-transfer (CT) enhancement, has been discovered . This CM provides an additional SERS enhancement effect that significantly enhances the SERS intensity. , …”