Application of headspace analysis, solvent extraction, thermal desorption and gas chromatography—mass spectrometry to the analysis of chemical warfare samples containing sulphur mustard and related compounds

Black, Robin M.; Clarke, Raymond J.; Cooper, David B.; Read, Robert W.; Utley, D.

doi:10.1016/0021-9673(93)83100-7

Cited by 57 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…For example, TDG, 2-hydroxyethyl vinyl sulfide, 1,4-dithiane, 1,4-oxathiane, and divinyl sulfide were among compounds identified in soil, munition fragments, and wool samples associated with a CW incident in Iraq. Twenty-three mustard-related compounds were tentatively identified along with the explosives 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and tetryl (55,56). In addition to sulfur mustard (the primary component), sesquimustard, and agent T, 15 additional components including dehydrochlorination products were identified in an Iran-Iraq soil sample suspected to have been contaminated with mustard (26).…”

Section: Ch2-ch2-ci Smentioning

confidence: 98%

The sources, fate, and toxicity of chemical warfare agent degradation products.

Munro

Talmage

Griffin

et al. 1999

Environ Health Perspect

541

501

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We indude in this review an assessment of the formation, environmental fate, and mammalian and ecotoxicity of CW agent degradation products relevant to environmental and occupational health.These parent CW agents indude several vesicants: sulfur mustards [undistilled sulfur mustard (H), sulfur mustard (HD), and an HD/agent T mixture (HT)]; nitrogen mustards [ethylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine (HN1), methylbis(2-chloroethyl)amine (HN2), tris(2-chloroethyl)amine (HN3)], and Lewisite; four nerve agents {O0ethyl S.[2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl] methylphosphonothioate (VX), tabun (GA), sarin (GB), and soman (GD)}; and the blood agent cyanogen chloride. The degradation processes considered here include hydrolysis, microbial degradation, oxidation, and photolysis. We also briefly address decontamination but not combustion processes. Because CW agents are generally not considered very persistent, certain degradation products of significant persistence, even those that are not particularly toxic, may indicate previous CW agent presence or that degradation has occurred. Of those products for which there are data on both environmental fate and toxicity, only a few are both environmentally persistent and highly toxic. Major degradation products estimated to be of significant persistence (weeks to years) indude thiodiglycol for HD; Lewisite oxide for Lewisite; and ethyl methyl phosphonic acid, methyl phosphonic acid, and possibly S.(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) methylphosphonothioic acid (EA 2192) for VX. Methyl phosphonic acid is also the ultimate hydrolysis product of both GB and GD. The GB product, isopropyl methylphosphonic acid, and a dosely related contaminant of GB, diisopropyl methylphosphonate, are also persistent. Of all of these compounds, only Lewisite oxide and EA 2192 possess high mammalian toxicity. Unlike other CW agents, suifur mustard agents (e.g., HD) are somewhat persistent; therefore, sites or conditions involving potential HD contamination should include an evaluation of both the agent and thiodiglycol.

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Section: Ch2-ch2-ci Smentioning

confidence: 98%

The sources, fate, and toxicity of chemical warfare agent degradation products.

Munro

Talmage

Griffin

et al. 1999

Environ Health Perspect

541

501

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Wagner and MacIver [4] used 13 C SSMAS (solid state magic angle spinning) NMR to show that sulfur mustard persisted for several weeks on dry soil, but hydrolyzed and polymerized to form toxic CH-TG and H-2TG sulfonium ions within 1 week when water was added. Liquid chromatography followed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry 0304 Similarly, when sulfur mustard was placed on MgO or CaO, the products thiodiglycol (TDG), CEVS and DVS were formed [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of the blister agent sulfur mustard, bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, on concrete

Brevett

Sumpter

Wagner

et al. 2007

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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“…A significant application of a hyphenated method was published by Black et al [19] who confirmed the presence of sulphur mustard in samples from a Kurdish village in Iraq. The authors used headspace analysis, solvent-extraction, and thermal-desorption GC/MS.…”

Section: Gas Chromatographymentioning

confidence: 92%

Utilisation of separation methods in the analysis of chemical warfare agents

et al. 2006

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Chemical warfare agents and their degradation products represent a broad group of compounds with different chemical properties (polarity, volatility, thermostability, etc.). These chemicals often have to be detected and determined in complex matrices and therefore highly efficient separation techniques hyphenated to selective and sensitive detectors play an indispensable role. This review offers an overview of selected papers devoted to the title subject. It cannot be considered as a comprehensive literature compilation but should allow the reader to obtain an insight into the application of separation techniques in the important area of human protection and control of chemical weapons.

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Application of headspace analysis, solvent extraction, thermal desorption and gas chromatography—mass spectrometry to the analysis of chemical warfare samples containing sulphur mustard and related compounds

Cited by 57 publications

References 6 publications

The sources, fate, and toxicity of chemical warfare agent degradation products.

The sources, fate, and toxicity of chemical warfare agent degradation products.

Degradation of the blister agent sulfur mustard, bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide, on concrete

Utilisation of separation methods in the analysis of chemical warfare agents

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