In this study, we synthesized a series of four large-band
gap small
molecule acceptors with side-chain engineering of the dithieno-pyrrolo-fused
pentacyclic benzotriazole (BZTTP or Y1 core) or the fused-ring dithienothiophene-pyrrolobenzothiadiazole
(TPBT or Y6 core) with difluoro-indene-dione (IO2F) or dichloro-indene-dione
(IO2Cl) end groups to form Y1-IO2F, Y1-IO2Cl, Y6-IO2F, and Y6-IO2Cl
acceptors, respectively, for blending with poly(3-hexyl thiophene)
(P3HT) for bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaics. The complementary
UV–vis absorption spectra of these small molecules and P3HT
along with their offset energy bands allow broad absorption and effective
electron transfer. Through synchrotron wide-angle X-ray scattering
(WAXS) analyses and contact angle measurements, we found that the
blend of the small molecule Y6-IO2F (having a TPBT core) and P3HT
achieves an optimum morphology that balances their crystallinity and
miscibility, among those of these four blends, leading to a substantial
enhancement in the short-circuit current density and thus power conversion
efficiency (PCE) in their devices. For example, the P3HT:Y6-IO2F (w/w:
1/1.2) device exhibited a champion PCE of 10.5% with a short current
density (J
sc) value of 15.9 mA/cm2 as compared to the P3HT:Y1-IO2F device having a PCE of 2.2%
with a J
sc value of 5.7 mA/cm2 because of the higher Y6-IO2F (with TPBT core) molecular packing
that facilitated carrier transport in the devices. The enhanced thermal
stability exhibited by the devices incorporating Y6-IO2F and Y6-IO2Cl,
as compared to that of Y1-IO2F and Y1-IO2Cl devices, is also due to
the more planar TPBT core structure, while the photostability of devices
incorporating Y6-IO2Cl and Y1-IO2Cl is better than that of devices
incorporating Y6-IO2F and Y1-IO2F, owing to more photostable chemical
structures. These results present an outstanding performance for P3HT-based
organic solar cells. Moreover, these small molecule blends are processed
with an environmentally friendly solvent tetrahydrofuran, demonstrating
both the sustainability and commercial viability of these types of
organic photovoltaics.