Application of lead oxide electrodes in wastewater treatment: A review

Zhou, Qingqing; Zhou, Xule; Zheng, Ruihao; Liu, Zifeng; Wang, Jiade

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150088

Cited by 32 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 336 publications

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“…The observation that electrolyte may induce an active OER catalyst from an inactive amorphous form of PbO x highlights the benefits of optimizing amorphous–crystalline compositions in the design of active OER catalysts. More generally, while research into PbO x has historically sought to suppress its OER activity for the purpose of battery and wastewater treatment applications, ,− extremely acid-stable OER catalysts may be realized with p-block oxides. Nevertheless, new design elements must be discovered that further enhance the OER activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrolyte-Induced Restructuring of Acid-Stable Oxygen Evolution Catalysts

et al. 2023

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Crystalline metal oxide catalysts operating under oxygen evolution reaction (OER) conditions invariably restructure, resulting in active sites with hydroxo/oxo species in an amorphous environment. An increase in the population of terminal hydroxo/oxo species (i.e., edge sites) facilitates proton-coupled electron-transfer (PCET) kinetics for oxygen generation and thus improves catalyst competency. While amorphous films benefit from a greater density of active sites, they suffer from diminished charge transport as compared to that of extended crystalline lattices. Managing this amorphous–crystalline dichotomy is essential when designing OER catalysts, which we highlight with the examination of electrodeposited PbO x materials, which historically are very poor OER catalysts. Along these lines, the presence of phosphate during PbO x electrodeposition truncates the growth of an extended lattice owing to its strong bonding to oxide surfaces to afford an amorphous catalyst film (A-PbO x ) with significant charge-transfer resistance (138 ± 42 Ω) and poor OER kinetics (420 ± 105 mV dec–1 Tafel slope). Conversely, electrodeposition of Pb2+ in the presence of less coordinating electrolytes such as nitrate affords crystalline β-PbO2 with improved charge-transfer resistance (42.6 ± 1.1 Ω), though still poor OER kinetics (134 ± 36 mV dec–1 Tafel slope). By operating amorphous A-PbO x in less coordinating electrolytes, however, a new partially crystalline material can be generated (μc-PbO x ) with further reduced charge-transfer resistance (33.0 ± 1.4 Ω) and improved OER kinetics (70 ± 15 mV dec–1 Tafel slope). The enhanced OER activity of μc-PbO x is the result of coupling the high edge-site population of an amorphous PbO x phase with crystalline-like charge transport properties. The ability to use an electrolyte to induce OER activity in an inactive amorphous form of PbO x highlights the benefits of optimizing the amorphous–crystalline phase compositions in the design of active OER catalysts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrolyte-Induced Restructuring of Acid-Stable Oxygen Evolution Catalysts

et al. 2023

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“…[115][116][117] The recycled Pb-containing compounds from degraded PSCs can be used not only for fabricating PSCs but also as raw materials in other industries, such as car batteries [118,119] and anodes in wastewater treatment. [120,121] In comparison with obtaining new materials through mining, transportation and smelting, recycling Pb-containing materials can greatly reduce mining waste, environmental pollution and energy consumption. If the above-mentioned 594.7 t Pb were recycled, it would generate an economic profit of millions of dollars.…”

Section: Wwwadvsustainsyscommentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling Useful Materials of Perovskite Solar Cells toward Sustainable Development

Meng

Chang

et al. 2023

Advanced Sustainable Systems

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To date, the highest certified efficiency has reached 25.7% for laboratory‐scale perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Breakthroughs in the commercialization of PSCs is achieved continuously. Therefore, the recovery of decommissioned devices that are closely related to the commercialization is extremely urgent. More importantly, lead (Pb) and other materials in PSCs are ecotoxic and biotoxic. Due to improper disposal of the decommissioned devices, serious heavy metal Pb and solid waste pollution incidents may occur. In fact, PSCs contain a great deal of recyclable and valuable materials. To achieve the goal of sustainable PSCs, recycling and reusing these useful materials are advocated. In this review, the authors retrospect structures and key materials of PSCs briefly. Benefits of recycling useful materials from the decommissioned PSCs are analyzed in terms of environmental and economic profits, including reducing the material costs, saving energy, reducing negative environmental impacts and conserving natural resources. Research progresses on recycling and reusing the useful materials are summarized and discussed from the perspectives of feasible pathways, recovery solvents, recovery effects and performance analysis of the corresponding devices. Finally, current challenges and future opportunities to prevent Pb leakage and recycle PSCs in an environmentally viable manner are proposed toward sustainable development.

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“…In comparison with the undoped PbO 2 coating, the incorporation of boron into the PbO 2 coating (Figure 3c) led to a rougher and a more heterogeneous surface covered with small-sized lead dioxide particles. The rough structure obtained with SS/TiO 2 /PbO 2 and SS/TiO 2 /PbO 2 -10%B anodes increases the active surface area which provides more active sites for electrochemical reactions and facilitates, thus, the degradation of the pollutant [13,46]. According to EDX images of SS/TiO2/PbO2 anode in a cross-section (Figure 4), the anode was developed on a silicon substrate, since it is easily breakable compared to the SS substrate.…”

Section: Sem and Edx Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The efficiency of the generated hydroxyl radicals depends mainly on the anode materials in terms of composition and morphology [10,11]. Lead dioxide (PbO 2 ) is among the widely used anodes for wastewater treatment thanks to its high electrical conductivity, good stability, low cost and long service lifetime [8,12,13]. However, the fragile binding force and the low stability of PbO 2 coating may lead to lead ions leaching during the electrolysis process, or it could even peel off of the coating from the substrate surface, affecting therefore the lifetime of the electrode and limiting its practical application [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elaboration of Highly Modified Stainless Steel/Lead Dioxide Anodes for Enhanced Electrochemical Degradation of Ampicillin in Water

et al. 2022

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Lead dioxide-based electrodes have shown a great performance in the electrochemical treatment of organic wastewater. In the present study, modified PbO2 anodes supported on stainless steel (SS) with a titanium oxide interlayer such as SS/TiO2/PbO2 and SS/TiO2/PbO2-10% Boron (B) were prepared by the sol–gel spin-coating technique. The morphological and structural properties of the prepared electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was found that the SS/TiO2/PbO2-10% B anode led to a rougher active surface, larger specific surface area, and therefore stronger ability to generate powerful oxidizing agents. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements showed that the modified PbO2 anodes displayed a lower charge transfer resistance Rct. The influence of the introduction of a TiO2 intermediate layer and the boron doping of a PbO2 active surface layer on the electrochemical degradation of ampicillin (AMP) antibiotic have been investigated by chemical oxygen demand measurements and HPLC analysis. Although HPLC analysis showed that the degradation process of AMP with SS/PbO2 was slightly faster than the modified PbO2 anodes, the results revealed that SS/TiO2/PbO2-10%B was the most efficient and economical anode toward the pollutant degradation due to its physico-chemical properties. At the end of the electrolysis, the chemical oxygen demand (COD), the average current efficiency (ACE) and the energy consumption (EC) reached, respectively, 69.23%, 60.30% and 0.056 kWh (g COD)−1, making SS/TiO2/PbO2-10%B a promising anode for the degradation of ampicillin antibiotic in aqueous solutions.

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Application of lead oxide electrodes in wastewater treatment: A review

Cited by 32 publications

References 336 publications

Electrolyte-Induced Restructuring of Acid-Stable Oxygen Evolution Catalysts

Electrolyte-Induced Restructuring of Acid-Stable Oxygen Evolution Catalysts

Recycling Useful Materials of Perovskite Solar Cells toward Sustainable Development

Elaboration of Highly Modified Stainless Steel/Lead Dioxide Anodes for Enhanced Electrochemical Degradation of Ampicillin in Water

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