Application of NAD+-Dependent Electrochemical Dehydrogenase Biosensors in Human Physiological Fluids: Opportunities and Challenges

Abstract

Electrochemical enzymatic biosensors represent a promising, low-cost technology for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics that allows fast response and simple sample processing procedures. In this review, we summarize up-to-date literature on NAD+/NADH (β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)-dependent electrochemical dehydrogenase biosensors and highlight their applications in human physiological fluids. A brief comparison of various enzyme immobilization procedures is first presented, discussing preparation processes and principal analytical performance characteristics. In the following section, we briefly discuss classes of biosensors based on redox mediators-mediated electron transfer systems (METs). Finally, the conclusion section summarizes the ongoing challenges in the fabrication of NAD+-dependent electrochemical dehydrogenase biosensors and gives an outlook on future research studies.

Feasibility of NAD(P)/NAD(P)H as redox agents in enzymatic plasmonic gold nanostar assays for galactose quantification

“…These methods are usually based on tunable localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and colloidal stability in the absence or presence of an analyte resulting in different colours [34]. Extensive research has been published on electrochemical NAD(P)/NAD(P)H biosensors functionalized with varying materials of nanocomposite and oxidoreductase enzymes [35][36][37][38][39][40]. To the best of our knowledge, limited research outputs have been reported for the colorimetric detection of NAD(P)/NAD(P)H using plasmonic gold nanoparticles immobilized with hydrogenase or reductase enzymes.…”