Application of normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography followed by gas chromatography for analytics of diesel fuel additives

Abstract

The paper presents the results of investigations on new procedures of determination of selected cleaning additives in diesel fuel. Two procedures: one-step analysis using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) or mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and a two-step procedure in which normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (NP-HPLC) was used for preliminary separation of the additives, were compared. The additive fraction was collected using either simple elution or eluent backflush. Final determinations were performed by GC-FID and GC-MS. The studies revealed that it was impossible to determine the investigated analytes by one-step procedures, i.e. by using solely HPLC or GC. On the other hand, the use of a two-step procedure ensures reproducible results of determinations, and the limits of quantitation are, depending on the method of fraction collection by HPLC, from 1.4–2.2 ppm (GC-MS in SIM mode) to 9.6–24.0 ppm (GC-FID). Precision and accuracy of the developed procedures are compared, and possible determination errors and shortcomings discussed.FigureOverview of the developed method

Size‐exclusion chromatography for the determination of the boiling point distribution of high‐boiling petroleum fractions

“…The possibility of collection of fractions with a specific range of boiling points of crude oil as well as distillates or other feedstocks is an undisputed advantage of the developed procedure. The developed procedure supplements of the existing LC x GC methodologies used for a detailed characteristic of petroleum products and determination of selected components .…”

The Use Of Chemical Composition And Additives To Classify Petrol And Diesel Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry And Chemometric Analysis: A Uk Study

“…Norpristane and phytane are more resistant to biodegradation compared to n-alkanes [29,30]. Moreover, these compounds are a good biomarker and essential in classifying and identifying diesel [6,32]. The seasonal variation effect is also found when FAMEs contents are used.…”

“…Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) is widely used as a primary method for characterization of fuels. Typical analyses performed usually involve the identification of certain compounds [2][3][4][5] , the use of ratios between chemicals [6,7,8] and identification and quantification of markers or additives [9][10][11][12]. Many previous studies successfully used GC-MS to determine the individual component composition and fuel additives.…”

“…Other examples in the literature offered the possibility of an accurate determination of the additive fraction in diesel fuel by using a two-step procedure, using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in the first step followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the final determination. This use of a two-step procedure ensured reproducible results for determinations and reporting the limits of quantitation of diesel additives [6].…”

Identification and Discrimination of Brands of Fuels by Gas Chromatography and Neural Networks Algorithm in Forensic Research

“…Several methods have been proposed to identify and discriminate fuel samples, based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [ 1 – 3 , 8 – 13 ], as well as the determination of additives by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (NP-HPLC) combined with GC-MS [ 14 ], and various spectroscopic methods such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Near Infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy [ 7 , 15 – 19 ]. Although these analytical techniques are widely used in determination of the composition and the classification of the fuels, there are some drawbacks because they are time consuming and expensive for the analysis.…”