Application of optical diagnostics to the quantification of soot in n-alkane flames under diesel conditions

Pastor, Javier; García-Oliver, José M; García, Antonio; Micó, Carlos; Möller, Sebastian

doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.11.018

Cited by 33 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The LEM can provide straightforward information of one-dimensional (1D) or zero-dimensional (0D) soot concentration with a relatively simple model and a set of simple optical system and thus is widely used as the calibration method for quantitative measurement of LII. 23,26,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] Kook and Pickett 26 used the LII-LEM to obtain the quantitative SVF of conventional diesel and surrogate jet fuel sprays at a fixed ambient condition to discuss the difference in soot levels between the two fuels. With a similar method, Pires Da Cruz et al 31 measured the 2D SVF distribution in a plane crossing the centre of the combustion chamber to study soot formation and oxidation during the low-temperature combustion of diesel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With a similar method, Pires Da Cruz et al 31 measured the 2D SVF distribution in a plane crossing the centre of the combustion chamber to study soot formation and oxidation during the low-temperature combustion of diesel. Pastor et al 35 applied LII, two-colour pyrometry and the LEM to quantify soot in n-alkane flames under diesel engine conditions and calibrated LII signal by means of LEM measurements to achieve the quantitative SVF. Velji et al 32 and De Francqueville et al 36 used the LII-LEM to investigate the effects of mixture formation on quantitative soot distribution in a spray-guided GDI engine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement of soot distribution in two cross-sections in a gasoline direct injection engine using laser-induced incandescence with the laser extinction method

Zheng

et al. 2017

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D:

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An approach based on regression was developed to reveal the soot volume fraction (SVF) distribution of a horizontal cross-section in an optically accessible gasoline direct injection engine, based on the quantitative data in vertical images from planar laser-induced incandescence, which was calibrated by the laser extinction method (LEM). The approach used the matching of the corresponding pixels in the vertical and the horizontal images to solve the problem of visible range that limited the use of the LEM in measuring SVFs of the horizontal plane. Local SVFs of as low as 0.05 ppm can be detected. Analysis of both the horizontal and vertical image results showed that the case of ϕa = 0.7 (equivalent air–fuel ratio) resulted in significantly rich soot regions with a peak SVF approximately three times higher than that of the case with ϕa = 0.8.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of soot distribution in two cross-sections in a gasoline direct injection engine using laser-induced incandescence with the laser extinction method

Zheng

et al. 2017

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D:

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“…Previous studies have investigated the soot development of higher-hydrocarbon fuels [9][10][11]. The n-hexadecane fuel, studied here, is representative of the molecular weight of components of jet fuel [12] and diesel fuel [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sooting limit and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) formation of n-hexadecane has been studied in a microflow reactor at equivalence ratios of 1.5-4.5, and 4, respectively [15]. Pastor et al [10] studied mixtures of ndecane and n-hexadecane fuels in a diesel engine. They found an increase in the n-hexadecane concentration resulted in an increase in the amount of soot formed in the flame.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Fuel Molecular Weight on Emissions in a Jet Flame and a Model Gas Turbine Combustor

Makwana

Iyer

Linevsky

et al. 2017

Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power

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The objective of this study is to understand the effects of fuel volatility on soot emissions. This effect is investigated in two experimental configurations: a jet flame and a model gas turbine combustor. The jet flame provides information about the effects of fuel on the spatial development of aromatics and soot in an axisymmetric, co-flow, laminar flame. The data from the model gas turbine combustor illustrate the effect of fuel volatility on net soot production under conditions similar to an actual engine at cruise. Two fuels with different boiling points are investigated: n-heptane/n-dodecane mixture and n-hexadecane/n-dodecane mixture. The jet flames are nonpremixed and rich premixed flames in order to have fuel conditions similar to those in the primary zone of an aircraft engine combustor. The results from the jet flames indicate that the peak soot volume fraction produced in the n-hexadecane fuel is slightly higher as compared to the n-heptane fuel for both nonpremixed and premixed flames. Comparison of aromatics and soot volume fraction in nonpremixed and premixed flames shows significant differences in the spatial development of aromatics and soot along the downstream direction. The results from the model combustor indicate that, within experiment uncertainty, the net soot production is similar in both n-heptane and n-hexadecane fuel mixtures. Finally, we draw conclusions about important processes for soot formation in gas turbine combustor and what can be learned from laboratory-scale flames.

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“…The continuous optimization of the existing technologies and the development of new combustion systems needed to satisfy these demands, requires performing basic studies to allow the fundamental comprehension of the in-cylinder processes governing the pollutant emissions generation and performance of the ICEs [7] [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Redesign and Characterization of a Single-Cylinder Optical Research Engine to Allow Full Optical Access and Fast Cleaning during Combustion Studies

et al. 2017

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This work describes the update of an optical engine design with the aim of increasing its capabilities when used for combustion studies. The criteria followed to perform the optical engine redesign were: maximize the optical accessibility to the combustion chamber, minimize the time consumed to clean the optical parts, and minimize the adaptation costs. To meet these requirements, a modular design using window-holders to fit the windows in the optical flange, was proposed. This novel solution allows optical access near the cylinder-head plane while maintaining high operating flexibility (i.e. fast transition between optical and metal engine, and very fast cleaning procedure). The new engine design has three additional optical accesses to the combustion chamber and resulted in more efficient operation compared to the original design, reducing the time consumed to clean the optical parts from 40 down to 10 minutes. Two main parameters of the new engine were characterized, the effective compression ratio and the rotatory flow field velocity (swirl). The characterization process revealed very similar values between the effective and geometric compression ratios (14.7:1 vs 14.2:1), which confirms the use of appropriate dimensional tolerances during the machining process and low amount of blow-by. Finally, the swirl ratio was characterized through particle image velocimetry measurements for different crank timings at 1200 rpm and motored conditions, using the optical piston with a cylindrical bowl. This method revealed swirl ratios varying from 1 to 1.7 depending on the timing considered, with increasing trend as the piston moves towards the top dead center.

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Application of optical diagnostics to the quantification of soot in n-alkane flames under diesel conditions

Cited by 33 publications

References 34 publications

Measurement of soot distribution in two cross-sections in a gasoline direct injection engine using laser-induced incandescence with the laser extinction method

Measurement of soot distribution in two cross-sections in a gasoline direct injection engine using laser-induced incandescence with the laser extinction method

Effects of Fuel Molecular Weight on Emissions in a Jet Flame and a Model Gas Turbine Combustor

Redesign and Characterization of a Single-Cylinder Optical Research Engine to Allow Full Optical Access and Fast Cleaning during Combustion Studies

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