Application of proteomic technologies for prostate cancer detection, prognosis, and tailored therapy

Abstract

Prostate cancer affects 3 in 10 men over the age of 50 years, and, unfortunately, the clinical course of the disease is poorly predicted. At present, there is no means that can distinguish indolent from aggressive/metastatic tumors. Thus, a personalized clinical approach could be helpful in diagnosing clinically relevant disease and guiding appropriate patient therapy. Individualized medicine requires a deep knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underpinning prostate cancer carcinogenesis. Proteomics may be the most powerful way to uncover biomarkers of detection, prognosis, and prediction, as proteins do the work of the cell and represent the majority of the diagnostic markers and drug targets today. Proteomic technologies are rapidly advancing beyond the two-dimensional gel separation techniques of the past to new types of mass spectrometry and protein microarray analyses. Biological fluids and tissue-cell proteomes from men with prostate cancer are being explored to identify diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets using these new proteomic approaches. Traditional and novel proteomic technology and their application to prostate cancer studies in translational research will be presented and discussed in this review. Proteomics coupled with powerful nanotechnology-based biomarker discovery approaches may provide a new and exciting opportunity for body fluid-borne biomarker discovery and characterization. While innovative mass spectrometry technology and nanotrap could be applied to improve the discovery and measurement of biomarkers for the early detection of prostate cancer, the use of tissue proteomic tools such as the reverse-phase protein microarray may provide new approaches for personalization of therapies tailored to each tumor's unique pathway activation network.

Evaluation of Docetaxel-Sensitive and Docetaxel-Resistant Proteomes in PC-3 Cells

“…In order to improve PC screening rates and understand the mechanism of the metastatic androgen-resistant PC, researchers began to use proteomics, as well as related gene determination, for PC research and have gained some valuable clinical indicators [12]. Confirmed by clinical trials, docetaxel, a paclitaxel drug, can effectively ease clinical symptoms of advanced PC and prolong survival [4].…”

Biomarkers of Aggressiveness in Prostate Cancer

“…Metabolite profiling or metabolomics, the analysis of endogenous metabolites in a biological system was recently suggested to be a promising approach to identify novel metabolites or their changes (Fredolini et al, 2010). In practice, however, analysis of the metabolome is complex because of the large range of detectable metabolites.…”

Comparative Proteomic Study of Proteins in Prostate Cancer and Benign Hyperplasia Cells

“…Objectives of similar studies included the search of proteins involved in pathogenesis of prostate cancer. As a result, some authors described several proteins that were expected to serve either as biomarkers or as potential targets for therapeutic modalities [6][7][8]. So far, only the well-known prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has the clinical application, however, its drawbacks have been identified as well [9,10].…”