Application of quaternized activated carbon derived from Macadamia nutshells for the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions

Pakade, Vusumzi Emmanuel; Maremeni, Londolani C; Ntuli, Themba D.; Tavengwa, Nikita Tawanda

doi:10.17159/0379-4350/2016/v69a22

Cited by 23 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…The decline in % R as the pH was increased could be due to the depletion of protons resulting in less protonated sites and more OH − groups that can lead to competition with chromate ions for adsorption sites. Similar pH efficiency trends have been reported by several researchers [ 20 , 31 , 35 – 37 ]. Besides the predicted electrostatic attraction of Cr(VI) to the cationic group mechanism, the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) cannot be ruled out because it has been demonstrated in the past that Macadamia nutshell-based adsorbents favored adsorption-coupled reduction uptake of Cr(VI) [ 4 , 38 ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The presence of protonated amino groups at acidic conditions was credited to the biosorption-coupled reduction removal mechanism of Cr(VI). Similarly, Pakade et al [ 20 ] achieved high adsorption capacity of 145.5 mg/g following modification of Macadamia nutshell-based carbon with diethylenetriamine and triethylamine ligands. From the mentioned studies, it is obvious that Cr(VI) has a high affinity for amine functional groups, and it is this narrative that led to the present study where Macadamia nutshells were functionalized, for the first time, with 1,5′-diphenylcarbazide for the eradication of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adsorptive Removal of Hexavalent Chromium by Diphenylcarbazide-GraftedMacadamiaNutshell Powder

Maremeni

Modise

Mtunzi

et al. 2018

Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications

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Macadamia nutshell powder oxidized by hydrogen peroxide solutions (MHP) was functionalized by immobilizing 1,5′-diphenylcarbazide (DPC) on its surface. The effectiveness of grafting was confirmed by the Fourier transform infrared spectrum due to the presence of NH and C=C stretches at 3361, 1591, and 1486 cm−1, respectively, on the grafted material which were absent in the nongrafted material. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the presence of DPC on the surface of Macadamia shells lowered the thermal stability from 300°C to about 180°C owing to the volatile nature of DPC. Surface roughness as a result of grafting was appreciated on the scanning electron microscopy images. Parameters influencing the adsorptive removal of Cr(VI) were examined and found to be optimal at pH 2, 120 min, 150 mg/L, and 2.5 g/L. Grafting MHP with DPC leads to an increase in the Langmuir monolayer capacity from 37.74 to 72.12 mg/g. Grafting MHP with DPC produced adsorbent with improved removal efficiency for Cr(VI).

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adsorptive Removal of Hexavalent Chromium by Diphenylcarbazide-GraftedMacadamiaNutshell Powder

Maremeni

Modise

Mtunzi

et al. 2018

Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications

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“…The BET surface area for MACP 60 was the highest at 824 m 2 /g. Macadamia-based ACs have been reported to have BET surface areas ranging from 600 to 1500 m 2 /g (Dejang et al, 2015;Pakade et al, 2016;Pezoti et al, 2014). Similarly, the pore volume of pristine MAC increased from 0.354 cm 3 /g to 0.489 cm 3 /g, which was very close to 0.476 cm 3 /g for CAC.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Potassium aurocyanide, calcium chloride, potassium chloride, boric acid, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, sodium cyanide, lanthanum chloride, nitric acid and phosphoric acid were purchased from Labchem (Johannesburg, South Africa). Macadamia -activated carbon (MAC) was prepared as previously reported in Pakade et al. (2016).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An alternative low-cost adsorbent for gold recovery from cyanide-leached liquors: Adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies

Tsolele

Mtunzi

Klink

et al. 2018

Adsorption Science & Technology

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Pristine Macadamia nutshell-based activated carbons were chemically oxidized with different concentrations of H 3 PO 4 and HNO 3 to increase their surface adsorption properties and further explore if they could be an attractive alternative low-cost adsorbent for gold recovery from cyanide-leached liquors. The modified activated carbons were labeled MACN 20 , MACN 40 and MACN 55 to signify the materials prepared from 20%, 40% and 55% (v/v) HNO 3 , respectively. Similar nomenclature was followed for H 3 PO 4-modified activated carbons. Brunauer-Emmet-Teller, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy were used to characterize the prepared activated carbons. The physical properties were attained through determining attrition, ash content, volatile matter and moisture content of all the activated carbons. Various parameters that affect selective adsorption such as the effect of initial concentration, time, agitation speed, interfering species and the dose of the adsorbent were investigated. Optimal parameters for gold ion adsorption were as follows: solution pH, 10; contact time, 6 h; agitation speed, 150 r/min; sorbent amount, 4 g and initial concentration, 5.5 mg/L. The observed selectivity order was not the same for all the adsorbents, but the adsorption of gold

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“…Few authors have reported on the methods of making activated carbon from macadamia nut shell (MNS) [15][16][17]. Also, few reports have investigated the use of activated carbon from MNS for hexachromium removal [16], tetracycline removal [18] phenol removal [19], and reactive dyes [20]. No study, however, has reported the use of the raw natural product for the decontamination of methylene blue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Equilibrium, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics Studies of the Sorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution Using Pulverized Raw Macadamia Nut Shells

Edokpayi

Alayande

Adetoro

et al. 2020

Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry

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In this study, the potential for pulverized raw macadamia nut shell (MNS) for the sequestration of methylene blue from aqueous media was assessed. The sorbent was characterized using scanning electron microscopy for surface morphology, functional group analysis was performed with a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) isotherm was used for surface area elucidation. The effects of contact time, sorbent dosage, particle size, pH, and change in a solution matrix were studied. Equilibrium data were fitted using Temkin, Langmuir, and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. The sorption kinetics was studied using the Lagergren pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and intraparticle diffusion models. The feasibility of the study was established from the thermodynamic studies. A surface area of 2.763 m2/g was obtained. The equilibrium and kinetics of sorption was best described by the Langmuir and the pseudo-second-order models, respectively. The sorption process was spontaneous (−ΔG0=28.72−31.77 kJ/mol) and endothermic in nature (ΔH0=17.45 kJ/mol). The positive value of ΔS0 (0.15 kJ/molK) implies increased randomness of the sorbate molecules at the surface of the sorbent. This study presents sustainable management of wastewater using MNS as a potential low-cost sorbent for dye decontamination from aqueous solution.

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Application of quaternized activated carbon derived from Macadamia nutshells for the removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions

Cited by 23 publications

References 77 publications

Adsorptive Removal of Hexavalent Chromium by Diphenylcarbazide-GraftedMacadamiaNutshell Powder

Adsorptive Removal of Hexavalent Chromium by Diphenylcarbazide-GraftedMacadamiaNutshell Powder

An alternative low-cost adsorbent for gold recovery from cyanide-leached liquors: Adsorption isotherm and kinetic studies

The Equilibrium, Kinetics, and Thermodynamics Studies of the Sorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution Using Pulverized Raw Macadamia Nut Shells

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