Application of radiation technology in vaccines development

Abstract

One of the earliest methods used in the manufacture of stable and safe vaccines is the use of chemical and physical treatments to produce inactivated forms of pathogens. Although these types of vaccines have been successful in eliciting specific humoral immune responses to pathogen-associated immunogens, there is a large demand for the development of fast, safe, and effective vaccine manufacturing strategies. Radiation sterilization has been used to develop a variety of vaccine types, because it can eradicate chemical contaminants and penetrate pathogens to destroy nucleic acids without damaging the pathogen surface antigens. Nevertheless, irradiated vaccines have not widely been used at an industrial level because of difficulties obtaining the necessary equipment. Recent successful clinical trials of irradiated vaccines against pathogens and tumors have led to a reevaluation of radiation technology as an alternative method to produce vaccines. In the present article, we review the challenges associated with creating irradiated vaccines and discuss potential strategies for developing vaccines using radiation technology.

Pathogens Inactivated by Low-Energy-Electron Irradiation Maintain Antigenic Properties and Induce Protective Immune Responses

“…Most prominently, gamma- or high-energy electron radiation are being used for pathogen inactivation, but so far no human vaccine produced this way is available. Ionizing radiation has the advantages of working very quickly and, under conditions used for vaccine development, it preferentially damages nucleic acids rather than proteins, resulting in inactivated pathogens that are highly versatile to elicit effective immune responses [9,10,11]. Gamma radiation is emitted by a radioisotope and is able to efficiently penetrate liquids and solid materials.…”

Application of Radiation Technology: A Novel Vaccine Approach to Induce Protective Immunity against Malaria Infection

“…Nowadays, understanding the radiation risk and their effects at molecular, cellular and organ level is mainly studied for the diseases. This will bridge the gap and guide the health physicist to determine the safety level of the radiation to use in the medical, industrial and scientific world for the betterment of the mankind [45,49,58].…”

<em>In Vitro</em> Infectivity Study of Cryopreserved Irradiated Intraerythrocytic Form of <em>Plasmodium falciparum</em>

“…It has estimated that 198 million cases of malaria infection occur globally and there were 584,000 deaths in 2013 cause by the disease [1]. Malaria disease in human can due to infection of one from five Plasmodium species that were Plasmodium vaccine aims to prevent sporozoites entry and develop in the liver, while asexual blood-stage vaccine prevents disease by targeting merozoite invasion and intra-erythrocytic development; and the transmission-blocking vaccine targets on the sexual and sporogonic stages to prevent parasite development in the mosquito [2].…”

“…43 No. 3 (2017) 167 -171 11 vaccine aims to prevent sporozoites entry and develop in the liver, while asexual blood-stage vaccine prevents disease by targeting merozoite invasion and intra-erythrocytic development; and the transmission-blocking vaccine targets on the sexual and sporogonic stages to prevent parasite development in the mosquito [2].…”

“…43 No. 3 (2017) 167 -171 11 vaccine aims to prevent sporozoites entry and develop in the liver, while asexual blood-stage vaccine prevents disease by targeting merozoite invasion and intra-erythrocytic development; and the transmission-blocking vaccine targets on the sexual and sporogonic stages to prevent parasite development in the mosquito [2].Eventhough developing a vaccine using ionizing radiation has some advantage because it can remove chemical contaminants and penetrate pathogens to damage the DNA, but it has not been pursued avidly over the past 20 years. There are two reasons why radiation technology was no longer used in vaccine development.…”