An acquisition system is designed to collect the rainbow signals at two different wavelengths simultaneously. The empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method was used to decompose and reconstruct the first-order rainbow signal. Airy, ripple and noise signal components were completely separated from the signal of the first-order rainbow by the EMD, and the refractive index of the droplet can be obtained by analyzing the separated airy structures. In our experiments, the rainbows from droplets of water, NaCl and C 6 H 12 O 6 aqueous solutions were collected and the rainbow signals were analyzed by EMD. Based on the Cauchy dispersion model, the coefficients and the dispersion relation of water, NaCl and C 6 H 12 O 6 aqueous solutions at different concentrations were obtained by measuring the refractive index at the wavelengths of 632.8 and 473 nm. We demonstrate an EMD-rainbow method to detect the chromatic dispersion of liquids.