Application of social cognitive theory to prevent waterpipe use in male high-school students in Kerman, Iran

Abstract

Background:The growing supply and prevalence of waterpipe (WP) smoking among Iranian adolescents have become a concern for both families and policymakers. The aim of this study was to determine the factors underlying WP use and also to design an intervention program based on social cognitive theory (SCT) aimed to reduce the demand for WP smoking among male adolescents.Methods:This quasi-experimental study involved 189 high-school students in Kerman, Iran, who were split into two groups, an intervention group and a control group. A validated questionnaire based on SCT constructs was used to collect data. The intervention was performed over four sessions with a focus on preventing WP smoking.Results:Before intervention, the lifetime and current-use prevalence of WP smoking across both groups was 48.5% and 20.2%, respectively. In the intervention group, the most change was related to knowledge score from 10.70 ± 4.38 to 16.52 ± 3.89 (P < 0.0001) and outcome values score from 12.40 ± 3.81 to 13.53 ± 4.23 (P = 0.007); however, in the control group, no significant changes were seen in posttest scores. The scores for self-efficacy (P = 0.21), outcome expectations (P = 0.09), and environment constructs (P = 0.06) did not show any statistically significant changes after the intervention in both groups. Overall, there was no significant difference in the rate of WP smoking after the intervention.Conclusions:Based on the results of this study, although some construct scores showed significant differences after the intervention, there was no significant change in the prevalence of WP smoking. More effective educational interventions based on this theory but with a greater focus on self-efficacy and environmental influences may be warranted.

The effect of a social cognitive theory‐based educational intervention on nonsuicidal self‐injury prevention in high school students: A randomized educational intervention trial

“…In line with this research, Mailey and McAuley (2014) had found that educational interventions based on the SCT could augment participants' self-regulation. However, the results of the present study did not support the reports in Rajabalipour et al (2019), probably due to the discrepancy in the study groups, as their investigation was based on utilizing the SCT in preventing the use of water pipes at high schools for boys.…”

The effect of interventions to prevent and reduce hookah smoking: A systematic review

“…Of the total articles included in this study, 13 studies were from Iran [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] , 1 article from the UK 33 , 1 from Syria 34 , 1 from Baghdad 35 , 1 from the Midwest 36 and 4 other studies from the United States [37][38][39][40] .…”

“…In terms of period, 5 studies were conducted in 2019-2020 20,25,32,38,39 , 4 studies in 2018 21,22,35,36 , 2 in 2017 23,28 , 5 in 2015-2016 26,27,29,30,36 , 4 studies in 2014 33,34,37,40 and 1 in 2011 24 .…”

“…One study emphasized the effects of interventions to increase self-efficacy with motivational interviews 28 . In one study, interventions were performed using a communication and social media model (Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube) and a campaign website 34 .…”

“…Among the reviewed articles, the target group in 5 studies was students, 1 study was conducted on public places and food managers 25 . In 3 studies, the target group was students 23,24,29 , and 4 studies were conducted on women 26,28,30,31 . Other studies were performed among people in different age groups.…”