Application of Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as an Innovative Theranostics in Microbial Diseases

Abstract

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as nano-/micro-scale vehicles, are membranous particles containing various cargoes including peptides, proteins, different types of RNAs and other nucleic acids, and lipids. These vesicles are produced by all cell types, in which stem cells are a potent source for them. Stem cell-derived EVs could be promising platforms for treatment of infectious diseases and early diagnosis. Infectious diseases are responsible for more than 11 million deaths annually. Highly transmissible nature of some microbes, such as newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), drives researcher’s interest to set up different strategies to develop novel therapeutic strategies. Recently, EVs-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches have been launched and gaining momentum very fast. The efficiency of stem cell-derived EVs on treatment of clinical complications of different viruses and bacteria, such as SARS-CoV-2, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli has been demonstrated. On the other hand, microbial pathogens are able to incorporate their components into their EVs. The microbe-derived EVs have different physiological and pathological impacts on the other organisms. In this review, we briefly discussed biogenesis and the fate of EVs. Then, EV-based therapy was described and recent developments in understanding the potential application of stem cell-derived EVs on pathogenic microorganisms were recapitulated. Furthermore, the mechanisms by which EVs were exploited to fight against infectious diseases were highlighted. Finally, the deriver challenges in translation of stem cell-derived EVs into the clinical arena were explored.

Exosomes for angiogenesis induction in ischemic disorders

“…Several stem cell sources have been administered regarding pro‐angiogenic properties, such as MSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and adult progenitor cells. It is of crucial importance to note that some factors such as miR‐20 or VEGF receptor‐1 (VEGFR‐1) demonstrate both pro‐angiogenic and anti‐angiogenic properties depending on the type of the recipient cell, dosage and microenvironment 48–51 . The pro‐angiogenic content of exsosomes in addition to common cell sources is shown in Table 1.…”

“…It is of crucial importance to note that some factors such as miR-20 or VEGF receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) demonstrate both pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic properties depending on the type of the recipient cell, dosage and microenvironment. [48][49][50][51] The pro-angiogenic content of exsosomes in addition to common cell sources is shown in Table 1.…”

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides as Potential Anti-Neoplastic Agents: New Insight into Anticancer Mechanisms of Stem Cells and Exosomes

“…Alongside the anti-neoplastic effects of MSCs, the MSCs-derived exosomes have also been widely studied regarding their considerable anticancer effects. Exosomes are a class of extracellular vesicles (EVs) with an average size of 30–150 nm released by nearly all cell types ( Nawaz, 2017 ; Keshavarz Alikhani et al, 2021 ). Exosomes are generated via a process of inward budding in early endosomes and then are secreted via exocytosis into the extracellular microenvironment to facilitate cell-to-cell communication ( Figure1 ).…”