Application of<sup>14</sup>C-Labeled Herbicides in Lysimeter Studies

Führ, F.

doi:10.1017/s0043174500083752

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Therefore, the classification of pesticides with regard to mobility in soil is of the utmost importance. Accordingly, many approaches to studying mobility have been employed, ranging in scale from watershed studies (21) down to lysimeters or soil columns (5,11,13,20).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaching of Dichlorprop, Bentazon, and³⁶Cl in Undisturbed Field Lysimeters of Different Agricultural Soils

Bergström

Jarvis

1993

Weed sci.

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A leaching test conducted in field lysimeters for the purpose of pesticide registration is evaluated, particularly in terms of factors such as the effects of soil type, variability in leaching between replicate lysimeters, and simulation of worst-case scenarios. Two herbicides, dichlorprop and bentazon, were chosen as test compounds due to their documented high mobility in laboratory tests. Four different soil types (sand, loam, clay, peat) and two irrigation treatments were included. Both herbicides were applied at rates representing normal doses (1.6 and 0.6 kg ai ha−1of dichlorprop and bentazon, respectively).36Cl was also applied to sand and clay lysimeters to follow the pattern of water movement. Leaching of dichlorprop for the varying soil type/treatment combinations ranged from 0.02 to 1.8% of the amount applied. Leaching losses of bentazon reached up to 0.07% of that applied. Leaching of both herbicides was greater mostly in clay monoliths than in sand monoliths, which was explained in terms of macropore flow. A more effective macropore flow was also suggested to be the main reason why more dichlorprop leached in clay and peat monoliths treated with a small water input. Detectable, and in some cases large, concentrations of dichlorprop were found in the first drainage water in early autumn in all soil/treatment combinations, indicating the occurrence of preferential flow in all soils tested, including sand. A rapid breakthrough of36Cl was also found in clay and low-irrigation input sand, providing additional confirmation of the role of preferential flow processes in these soils. It is concluded that field mobility tests for pesticide registration are a necessary complement to measurements of physical/chemical properties of a compound and that these should be performed in a range of soil types, including at least one structured soil. Other factors identified to be of importance when evaluating lysimeter studies such as this were the analytical detection limits of the pesticides and the need for replication.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaching of Dichlorprop, Bentazon, and³⁶Cl in Undisturbed Field Lysimeters of Different Agricultural Soils

Bergström

Jarvis

1993

Weed sci.

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“…Mobile behaviour is to be expected for ETD on the basis of the product information available. The MBT test substance was classified as immobile due to laboratory, field and lysimeter experiments conducted over many years (4,5,9,10,11,12,13,14,15). The two test substances are of similar persistence in soil with their DTso ranging from 60 to 220 days for both compounds.…”

Section: Experimental Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

FELS: A Comprehensive Approach To Studying the Fate of Pesticides in Soil at the Laboratory, Lysimeter and Field Scales

Pütz

Brumhard

Dressel

et al. 1998

ACS Symposium Series

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Lysimeters containing a soil monolith are generally recognized and used to study the environmental behaviour of pesticides in accordance with good agricultural practice. In order to validate the transfer of lysimeter data to the field/region scale, an extensive experiment was set up consisting of a 1-ha experimental field plot with five sampling tubes, a small plot experiment, 12 lysimeters, a measurement trench with 102 time domain reflectometry sensors (TDR) and 21 temperature sensors and a weather station. The leachate in the field and small-plot experiment is obtained using tensiometer-controlled ceramic plates. In addition to a mobile and an immobile test substance for determining mass transport, several water tracers are used over the three-year test period. A preliminary experiment for the further characterization of the test site and test systems was started in March 1997 with the application of 2,6-difluorobenzoic acid. Complementary laboratory studies are performed for process identification and generation of input parameters for simulation models.For active ingredients showing some leaching potential practice-like lysimeter experiments using radiotracer techniques play a central role. Lysimeter experiments using 14 C-labelled pesticides yield comprehensive information on the uptake of the respective compounds by treated and untreated rotational crops, the residue behaviour of pesticides in soil and leaching (1). With the addition of a wind tunnel erected over a lysimeter, a complete mass balance including volatilization and mineralization can be achieved (2). In 1990 the German government authorities published a guideline for lysimeter studies (3) required for those compounds which show a potential for leaching. As far as the dissipation in soil and residue level in treated plants are 152

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“…The use of removed or intact lysimeters, whether utilizing disturbed or undisturbed soil, is well documented for studying the fate and behavior of pesticides in soil (Fuhr, 1985; Bowman, 1988;Kubiak et al, 1988; Bergstrom, 1990). Fallow undisturbed soil column field lysimeters were used in this study to determine the relative mobility and dissipation of atrazine, metolachlor, and primisulfuron in a Coastal Plain soil and their potential for groundwater contamination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mobility and Dissipation of 14C-Labeled Atrazine, Metolachlor, and Primisulfuron in Undisturbed Field Lysimeters of a Coastal Plain Soil

Keller¹,

Weber²

1995

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Application of¹⁴C-Labeled Herbicides in Lysimeter Studies

Cited by 11 publications

References 21 publications

Leaching of Dichlorprop, Bentazon, and³⁶Cl in Undisturbed Field Lysimeters of Different Agricultural Soils

Leaching of Dichlorprop, Bentazon, and³⁶Cl in Undisturbed Field Lysimeters of Different Agricultural Soils

FELS: A Comprehensive Approach To Studying the Fate of Pesticides in Soil at the Laboratory, Lysimeter and Field Scales

Mobility and Dissipation of 14C-Labeled Atrazine, Metolachlor, and Primisulfuron in Undisturbed Field Lysimeters of a Coastal Plain Soil

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Application of14C-Labeled Herbicides in Lysimeter Studies

Cited by 11 publications

References 21 publications

Leaching of Dichlorprop, Bentazon, and36Cl in Undisturbed Field Lysimeters of Different Agricultural Soils

Leaching of Dichlorprop, Bentazon, and36Cl in Undisturbed Field Lysimeters of Different Agricultural Soils

FELS: A Comprehensive Approach To Studying the Fate of Pesticides in Soil at the Laboratory, Lysimeter and Field Scales

Mobility and Dissipation of 14C-Labeled Atrazine, Metolachlor, and Primisulfuron in Undisturbed Field Lysimeters of a Coastal Plain Soil

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Application of¹⁴C-Labeled Herbicides in Lysimeter Studies

Leaching of Dichlorprop, Bentazon, and³⁶Cl in Undisturbed Field Lysimeters of Different Agricultural Soils

Leaching of Dichlorprop, Bentazon, and³⁶Cl in Undisturbed Field Lysimeters of Different Agricultural Soils