Applications of Conventional Vibrational Spectroscopic Methods for Batteries Beyond Li‐Ion

Abstract

Advanced energy‐storage devices are in tremendous demand to meet the ever‐growing electrification of the economy. To design batteries, it is critical to understand the evolving structures of the electrode materials, the compositions of the solid electrolyte interphase, and the reaction intermediates during the electrochemical processes. To this end, a plethora of characterization techniques are employed in battery research to bridge the fundamental understanding to practical optimization of battery systems. Vibrational spectroscopy methods, including Raman spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy are powerful analytic tools for the purposes of battery studies. Here, the usage of Raman and FTIR spectroscopy techniques for secondary batteries, such as lithium‐ion batteries, lithium–sulfur batteries, lithium–oxygen batteries, sodium‐ion batteries, and potassium‐ion batteries, is described.

Controlling Nucleation in Lithium Metal Anodes

“…Furthermore, it is impossible to observe the atomic structures of Li and SEI layers owing to their instability under characterization conditions. Thus, developing new characterization techniques such as in situ spectra, in situ atomic force microscope, and cryoelectron microscopy would guide us to explore strategies for effective dendrite prevention …”

Three-Dimensional Carbon Nitride Nanowire Scaffold for Flexible Supercapacitors

“…Wearable energy storage devices, especially flexible supercapacitors, are getting extra attention due to their higher cycling stability and power density [1][2][3][4]. As for material systems of supercapacitor electrodes, recent researches mainly focus on three principle types: carbon-based high surface area materials (activated carbon, graphene, carbon fibers, and so on), transition metal oxides (MOs), and conducting polymers (CPs) [5][6][7][8].…”

Surface functionalized 3D carbon fiber boosts the lithium storage behaviour of transition metal oxide nanowires via strong electronic interaction and tunable adsorption energy

“…19, 23 However, despite the enhanced storage properties, 24 the understanding on the intrinsic properties of the carbon scaffold and active electrodes is rarely reported. 25,26 In addition, less or no attention is given to the theoretical insight on the effect of such hybridization towards enhanced electrochemical activity.…”