“…Although Zamfara presented an extreme picture of both Pb and multiple heavy metal mortality and morbidity, similar situations have become increasingly prevalent worldwide. Dutta et al 237 used the EDXRF and INAA techniques for two cases; (a) enrichment of Zn levels in the soil (1080 AE 76 mg kg À1 ) and Zn uptake ranging between 40 and 628 mg kg À1 in edible plants and cereals grown in agricultural elds near an active zinc smelter, Rajasthan and (b) the depth-prole distributions of Cr, Pb and other metals in the sediment core samples from the Sundarban wetland, West Bengal, associated with waste discharges from tanneries and other industries. The extent of contamination in sediments in the Balanagar industrial area, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India was studied by Machender et al, 238 who analysed sediment samples by XRF spectrometry.…”
Section: Industrial Materials and Consequences Of Industrial Activitymentioning
This review covers developments in and applications of XRF techniques such as EDXRF, WDXRF, TXRF, XRF microscopy using technologies such as synchrotron sources, X-ray optics, X-ray tubes and detectors in laboratory, mobile and hand-held systems.
“…Although Zamfara presented an extreme picture of both Pb and multiple heavy metal mortality and morbidity, similar situations have become increasingly prevalent worldwide. Dutta et al 237 used the EDXRF and INAA techniques for two cases; (a) enrichment of Zn levels in the soil (1080 AE 76 mg kg À1 ) and Zn uptake ranging between 40 and 628 mg kg À1 in edible plants and cereals grown in agricultural elds near an active zinc smelter, Rajasthan and (b) the depth-prole distributions of Cr, Pb and other metals in the sediment core samples from the Sundarban wetland, West Bengal, associated with waste discharges from tanneries and other industries. The extent of contamination in sediments in the Balanagar industrial area, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India was studied by Machender et al, 238 who analysed sediment samples by XRF spectrometry.…”
Section: Industrial Materials and Consequences Of Industrial Activitymentioning
This review covers developments in and applications of XRF techniques such as EDXRF, WDXRF, TXRF, XRF microscopy using technologies such as synchrotron sources, X-ray optics, X-ray tubes and detectors in laboratory, mobile and hand-held systems.
“…Hence, detecting heavy metals in a liquid medium is important research which saves lives and avoids increase in poisoning ration which should not exceed 15 ppb [2] . Detection of heavy metals has been studied in the literature and several methods have been industrialized like atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) [3] , inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICPMS) [4] , X-ray, anodic stripping voltammetry instrument (ASV) [5] , fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) [6] , instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) [7] .…”
This paper reports a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) as a biosensor. The FBGs were etched using a chemical agent,namely,hydrofluoric acid (HF). This implies the removal of some part of the cladding layer. Consequently, the evanescent field propagating out of the core will be closer to the environment and become more sensitive to the change in the surrounding. The proposed FBG sensor was utilized to detect toxic heavy metal ions aqueous medium namely, copper ions (Cu2+). Two FBG sensors were etched with 20 and 40 μm diameters and fabricated. The sensors were studied towards Cu2+ with different concentrations using wavelength shift as a result of the interaction between the evanescent field and copper ions. The FBG sensors showed a good response in terms of significant wavelength shift in corresponding to varying Cu2+ concentrations when immersed in aqueous mediums. The sensors exhibited excellent repeatability towards Cu ions.The results demonstrate that the smaller FBG etching diameter, the better optical response in terms of wavelength and linearity.
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