Applications of Graphene and Its Derivatives in Chemical Analysis

Grajek, H.; Jonik, J.; Witkiewicz, Zygfryd; Wawer, T.; Purchała, M.

doi:10.1080/10408347.2019.1653165

Cited by 46 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 213 publications

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“…Although graphene and its derivatives are considered to be cutting-edge materials in modern sorbent-based sample preparation (Toffoli et al, 2018 ; Grajek et al, 2019 ; Hou et al, 2019 ), their use can be related to some drawbacks in both bed-packed and dispersive microextraction. Their strong van der Waals interactions may cause irreversible aggregation of the material, causing graphene swelling, which often occurs due to the continuous water/solvent deposition between the graphene nanosheets (Zheng et al, 2017 ; Iakunkov et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Anchored Graphene-based Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Graphene can be defined as a carbon allotrope composed by a structure containing sp 2 hybridized atoms obeying a honeycomb pattern, which is the core for other widely-known allotropic forms (Grajek et al, 2019 ). In other words, graphene can be stacked to form graphite, rolled to form a carbon nanotube, or even wrapped to become a fullerene, as shown in Figure 1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, it is considered a wonder material due to its nanosheet structure, which has strong σ-orbitals in the 2D plane, ensuring its stiffness. At the same time, the un-hybridized π-orbitals are hinged outwards, superimposing one by one to form the long-range delocalized π electron system, responsible for its outstanding optical, and electrical properties (Grajek et al, 2019 ). In short, unmodified graphene sheets have a large theoretical surface area (ca.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Current Role of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials in the Sample Preparation Arena

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Since its discovery in 2004 by Novoselov et al., graphene has attracted increasing attention in the scientific community due to its excellent physical and chemical properties, such as thermal/mechanical resistance, electronic stability, high Young's modulus, and fast mobility of charged atoms. In addition, other remarkable characteristics support its use in analytical chemistry, especially as sorbent. For these reasons, graphene-based materials (GBMs) have been used as a promising material in sample preparation. Graphene and graphene oxide, owing to their excellent physical and chemical properties as a large surface area, good mechanical strength, thermal stability, and delocalized π-electrons, are ideal sorbents, especially for molecules containing aromatic rings. They have been used in several sample preparation techniques such as solid-phase extraction (SPE), stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE), as well as in miniaturized modes as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in their different configurations. However, the reduced size and weight of graphene sheets can limit their use since they commonly aggregate to each other, causing clogging in high-pressure extractive devices. One way to overcome it and other drawbacks consists of covalently attaching the graphene sheets to support materials (e.g., silica, polymers, and magnetically modified supports). Also, graphene-based materials can be further chemically modified to favor some interactions with specific analytes, resulting in more efficient hybrid sorbents with higher selectivity for specific chemical classes. As a result of this wide variety of graphene-based sorbents, several studies have shown the current potential of applying GBMs in different fields such as food, biological, pharmaceutical, and environmental applications. Within such a context, this review will focus on the last five years of achievements in graphene-based materials for sample preparation techniques highlighting their synthesis, chemical structure, and potential application for the extraction of target analytes in different complex matrices.

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Section: Anchored Graphene-based Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Current Role of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials in the Sample Preparation Arena

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“…Several reviews have been published regarding the applications of graphene and graphene-based sorbents in the field of sample preparation [45][46][47][48][49]. Herein, we aim to discuss the applications of graphene oxide and its functionalized derivatives for the extraction and preconcentration of metal ions from environmental, agricultural, biological, and food samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sample Preparation Using Graphene-Oxide-Derived Nanomaterials for the Extraction of Metals

et al. 2020

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Graphene oxide is a compound with a form similar to graphene, composed of carbon atoms in a sp2 single-atom layer of a hybrid connection. Due to its significant surface area and its good mechanical and thermal stability, graphene oxide has a plethora of applications in various scientific fields including heterogenous catalysis, gas storage, environmental remediation, etc. In analytical chemistry, graphene oxide has been successfully employed for the extraction and preconcentration of organic compounds, metal ions, and proteins. Since graphene oxide sheets are negatively charged in aqueous solutions, the material and its derivatives are ideal sorbents to bind with metal ions. To date, various graphene oxide nanocomposites have been successfully synthesized and evaluated for the extraction and preconcentration of metal ions from biological, environmental, agricultural, and food samples. In this review article, we aim to discuss the application of graphene oxide and functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposites for the extraction of metal ions prior to their determination via an instrumental analytical technique. Applications of ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents for the modification of graphene oxide and its functionalized derivatives are also discussed.

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“…Graphene can be defined as a carbon allotrope composed by a structure containing sp 2 hybridized atoms obeying a honeycomb pattern, which is the core for other widely-known allotropic forms (Grajek et al, 2019). In other words, graphene can be stacked to form graphite, rolled to form a carbon nanotube, or even wrapped to become a fullerene, as shown in Figure 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Desenvolvimento de novos materiais e dispositivos para preparo miniaturizado de amostras e seu acoplamento >i<on-line>/i< com cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência

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Esta tese de doutorado é orientada a resultados relacionados ao desenvolvimento da etapa de preparo de amostras, os quais são apresentados em forma de quatro artigos, um artigo por capítulo. As isoflavonas formam uma importante subclasse dos fitoestrógenos. Compostos presentes em todo o reino vegetal, mais facilmente em leguminosas como soja, feijão, grão de bico e sementes de girassol, estão diariamente presentes em nossa alimentação. A ação antioxidante e propriedades que previnem inflamações, aterosclerose, trombose, osteoporose, infecções virais, tumores e doenças cardiovasculares, fazem com que as isoflavonas sejam associadas a inúmeros benefícios à saúde humana, fatores que despertaram o interesse da comunidade científica, ocasionando um expressivo aumento no número de publicações relacionadas a estes compostos nas últimas duas décadas. Ainda que micro técnicas de preparo de amostra como a SPME e a MEPS já estejam bem desenvolvidas, o uso de técnicas clássicas de preparo de amostra ainda prevalece e é o mais utilizado. O uso de micro técnicas ainda é escasso limitando-se, principalmente, à trabalhos de desenvolvimento analítico. Foi sintetizada um fase extratora que consiste em aminopropil silica recoberta com nanofolhas de grafeno e funcionalizadas com βciclodextrina e aplicada em micro extração por sorvente empacotado (MEPS) com a finalidade de desenvolver uma metodologia simples, fácil, rápida e de baixo custo para análises de isoflavonas em alimentos líquidos vendidos comercialmente. Nesta etapa do trabalho foi constatada a seletividade da fase extratora proposta por meio de experimentos que avaliaram a influência do efeito de matriz. Uma nova abordagem para o acoplamento on-line entre micro extração em fase sólida (SPME) e cromatografia líquida foi desenvolvida. A fase extratora desenvolvida foi aplicada à técnica de extração chamada needle-sleeve SPME e um método analítico foi desenvolvido, automatizado e acoplado a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Além da hifenização do SPME on-line, esta abordagem de extração permitiu tratar alguns problemas conhecidos como o entupimento do sistema e/ou da coluna analítica, onde em uma abordagem tipo column switching, como in-tube SPME, costuma ocorrer. O efeito dos principais parâmetros relacionados à extração e o desempenho do método online SPME-LC automatizado desenvolvido, foram estudados e o método se mostrou uma nova estratégia analítica sensível, confiável e direta para a determinação de compostos orgânicos em amostras complexas.

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Applications of Graphene and Its Derivatives in Chemical Analysis

Cited by 46 publications

References 213 publications

The Current Role of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials in the Sample Preparation Arena

The Current Role of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials in the Sample Preparation Arena

Sample Preparation Using Graphene-Oxide-Derived Nanomaterials for the Extraction of Metals

Desenvolvimento de novos materiais e dispositivos para preparo miniaturizado de amostras e seu acoplamento >i<on-line>/i< com cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência

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