Applications of Lithium‐Containing Hydrides for Energy Storage and Conversion

Wietelmann, Ulrich

doi:10.1002/cite.201400097

Cited by 19 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Later, Chum and Osteryoung classified the published material on this topic according to system type and thoroughly reviewed it in retrospect [53,54]. LiH based cells were building blocks of what were probably the first (1958, [53]) experimentally realized thermally regenerative high-temperature systems [57,58,59], which continue to be of interest today [60,61]. Almost at the same time a patent was filed in 1960 by Agruss [62], bimetallic cells were suggested for the electricity delivering part of TRES.…”

Section: Thermally Regenerative Electrochemical Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluid Mechanics of Liquid Metal Batteries

Kelley

Weier

2018

Applied Mechanics Reviews

108

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The design and performance of liquid metal batteries, a new technology for grid-scale energy storage, depend on fluid mechanics because the battery electrodes and electrolytes are entirely liquid. Here we review prior and current research on the fluid mechanics of liquid metal batteries, pointing out opportunities for future studies. Because the technology in its present form is just a few years old, only a small number of publications have so far considered liquid metal batteries specifically. We hope to encourage collaboration and conversation by referencing as many of those publications as possible here. Much can also be learned by linking to extensive prior literature considering phenomena observed or expected in liquid metal batteries, including thermal convection, magnetoconvection, Marangoni flow, interface instabilities, the Tayler instability, and electro-vortex flow. We focus on phenomena, materials, length scales, and current densities relevant to the liquid metal battery designs currently being commercialized. We try to point out breakthroughs that could lead to design improvements or make new mechanisms important.The story of fluid mechanics research in liquid metal batteries (LMBs) begins with one very important application: grid-scale storage. Electrical grids have almost no energy storage capacity, and adding storage will make them more robust and more resilient even as they incorporate increasing amounts of intermittent and unpredictable wind and solar generation. Liquid metal batteries have unique advantages as a grid-scale storage technology, but their uniqueness also means that designers must consider chemical and physical mechanisms -including fluid mechanisms -that are relevant to few other battery technologies, and in many cases not yet well-understood. We will review the fluid mechanics of liquid metal batteries, focusing on studies undertaken with that technology in mind, and also drawing extensively from prior work considering similar mechanisms in other contexts. In the interest of promoting dialogue across this new field, we have endeavored to include the work of many different researchers, though inevitably some will have eluded our search, and we ask for the reader's sympathy for regrettable omissions. Our story will be guided by technological application, focusing on mechanisms most relevant to liquid metal batteries as built for grid-scale storage. We will consider electrochemistry and theoretical fluid mechanics only briefly because excellent reviews of both topics are already available in the literature. In §1 below we provide an overview and brief introduction to liquid metal batteries, motivated by the present state of worldwide electrical grids, including the various types of liquid metal batteries that have been developed. We consider the history of liquid metal batteries in more detail in §2, connecting to the thermally regenerative electrochemical cells developed in the middle of the twentieth century. Continuing, we consider the fluid mechanisms that are most relevant to ...

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Section: Thermally Regenerative Electrochemical Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluid Mechanics of Liquid Metal Batteries

Kelley

Weier

2018

Applied Mechanics Reviews

108

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“…Among the various solid electrolytes discovered thus far, − lithium borohydride (LiBH 4 ) is considered one of the most promising candidates. LiBH 4 possesses excellent properties including high electrochemical stability of up to 5 V (Li + /Li), high temperature durability, and negligible electronic conductivity. , Matsuo et al discovered that LiBH 4 displays high Li ionic conductivity of ∼10 –3 S cm –1 above 110 °C, which is the phase transition temperature from low temperature phase (orthorhombic structure, Pnma space group) to high temperature phase (hexagonal, P 6 3 mc ). Several researchers have fabricated all solid-state batteries with LiBH 4 as a solid electrolyte and successfully demonstrated the charge and discharge of the battery with active electrodes such as S, LiCoO 2 , and TiS 2 at high temperatures above 110 °C. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Li Ion Conductivity in LiBH₄–Al₂O₃ Mixture via Interface Engineering

et al. 2017

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A new solid-state Li ion conductor composed of LiBH 4 and Al 2 O 3 was synthesized by a simple ball-milling process. The element distribution map obtained by transmission electron microscopy demonstrates that the LiBH 4 and Al 2 O 3 are well mixed and form a large interface after ballmilling. The ionic conductivity of the mixture reaches as high as 2 × 10 −4 S cm −1 at room temperature when the volume fraction of Al 2 O 3 is approximately 44%. The ionic conductivity of the interface between LiBH 4 and Al 2 O 3 was extracted by using a continuum percolation model, which turns out to be about 10 −3 S cm −1 at room temperature, being 10 5 times higher than that of pure LiBH 4 . This remarkable rise in conductivity is accompanied by the lowered activation energy for the Li ion conduction in the mixture, indicating that the interface layer facilitates Li ion conduction. Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure analysis reveals the presence of B− O bondings in the mixture, which was not detected by X-ray diffraction. This disruption of the chemical bondings at the interface may allow an increase in carrier concentration and/or mobility thereby resulting in the pronounced enhancement in conductivity. This result provides a guideline for designing fast Li ion conductor through interface engineering.

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“…Metal hydrides, which were introduced as conversion negative electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries in 2008, 1 are now more and more investigated for this purpose. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] The involved conversion reaction mechanism corresponds to a metal hydride reaction with lithium ions which produces metal and lithium hydride and that can be summarized as follows: MH x + xLi + + xe À # M + xLiH. It is applicable to hydrides MH x which possess formation free enthalpy higher than that of LiH.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MgH₂–TiH₂ mixture as an anode for lithium-ion batteries: synergic enhancement of the conversion electrode electrochemical performance

2015

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0.7MgH 2 + 0.3TiH 2 mixture was prepared by reactive grinding of Mg and Ti powders under hydrogen and tested as conversion electrode for lithium-ion batteries. This composite presents superior electrochemical properties compared to MgH 2 or TiH 2 based electrodes, either in term of reversible capacities or polarization versus applied current rate. A substantial reversible capacity of 1540 mAhg -1 is measured at a suitable potential of 0.52V vs. Li + /Li 0 (current rate 0.1Li/h). For the same current rate, electrode polarization is limited to 0.2V and stabilizes at 0.46V for 1.0Li/h while a continuous polarization increase is observed for MgH 2 based electrode. In-situ XRD analyses of this composite demonstrates that Mg and Ti hydrides are both electrochemically active and contribute together to the capacity. TiH 2 improves MgH 2 conversion process kinetics while MgH 2 enables a reversible conversion reaction for TiH 2 . The three consecutives reactions are :MgH 2 + 2Li + + 2e -⇌ Mg + 2LiH ; δ-TiH 2 + xLi + + xe -⇌ δ-TiH 2-x + xLiH (x ≤ 0.5) and δ-TiH 2-x + (2-x)Li + +(2-x)e-⇌ α-Ti + (2-x)LiH (x = 0.5). This is, in our knowledge, the first example of a reversible lithium conversion process with TiH 2 powder.

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Applications of Lithium‐Containing Hydrides for Energy Storage and Conversion

Cited by 19 publications

References 20 publications

Fluid Mechanics of Liquid Metal Batteries

Fluid Mechanics of Liquid Metal Batteries

Enhanced Li Ion Conductivity in LiBH₄–Al₂O₃ Mixture via Interface Engineering

MgH₂–TiH₂ mixture as an anode for lithium-ion batteries: synergic enhancement of the conversion electrode electrochemical performance

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Applications of Lithium‐Containing Hydrides for Energy Storage and Conversion

Cited by 19 publications

References 20 publications

Fluid Mechanics of Liquid Metal Batteries

Fluid Mechanics of Liquid Metal Batteries

Enhanced Li Ion Conductivity in LiBH4–Al2O3 Mixture via Interface Engineering

MgH2–TiH2 mixture as an anode for lithium-ion batteries: synergic enhancement of the conversion electrode electrochemical performance

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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Enhanced Li Ion Conductivity in LiBH₄–Al₂O₃ Mixture via Interface Engineering

MgH₂–TiH₂ mixture as an anode for lithium-ion batteries: synergic enhancement of the conversion electrode electrochemical performance